total PSYGHEL0GHzvi scientificallystudieshowwethinkaboutinfluencesocial psychology andrelatetooneanothersocialThinkingsocialthinkinginvolvesthinkingaboutothersespeciallywhentheyengageinbehaviorsthatareunexpectedsocialpsychology's mostC importantlessons 1 DoeshisabsenteeismsignifyillnesslazinessorastressfulworkatmosphereC weconstructoursocialrealityf oursocialintuitionsareoften evilpplorordinarypplcorruptedbylifeapowerfulbutsometimesperilous eventssocialinfluencesshapeour roleplaying situationsaffectattitudesbehavior Zimbardo 1971assignedtherolesofguards prisonersmmtorandomstudentsandfoundthatguards prisonersC personalattitudes dispositions developedrole appropriateattitudesp alsoshapebehaviorsocialbehaviorispsychologicallyf rootedC socialpsychsprinciplesareABUGHRAIB creating a cultureofcreuityaprisonisaplaceofenormouspowerdeferentialaversiveexperiencespredisposeonetoangerandaggressionanovelenvironmentwhoestablishednormsforacceptablebehaviorleadustolooktoothersfordirectionespeciallytothoseinchargepeermodelingalsohelpstodefinerealitydehumanizationofprisonersasanimalsorscumwasmadeeasierinIraqbecauseoftheforeignlanguageacustomsa we vs they mentalityexistedthemechanicsofmoraldisengagementwereevidentdeindividualizationoftheguardsdiffusedresponsibility underminedselfrestraintunresponsivebystanderswhohadprivateconcernsdidnotopenlydisagreeorchallengetheimmoralbehaviorgoingonintheprisonIf aformulathatpertainsto goodpeople seeingcontributingcreatinga yhow weexplainsomeone'sbehavioraffectshowwereacttoitdispositionsdispositionsareenduringpersonalitytraitsSoifJoeisquietshyandanintrovertedchildwethinkthatheislikelytobelikethatattributingbehaviortopersons orsituations in anumberofsituationsattributiontheoryFritzHelder1958suggestedthatwehaveatendencytogivecasualexplanationsforsomeone'sbehavior Ateachermaywonderoftengangeitherthesituationortheperson disposition Whetheramug no myreffanaggressivepersonalityfundamentalattributionerrorthetendencytoover dispositionalestimatetheimpactofpersonaldisposition attribution or isareactionunderestimatetheimpactofthesituationsinanalyzing tostressorabuse a situationalthebehaviorsofothers attributingadispositiontopersonality attributionSelfservingblas peopleacceptmoreresponsibilityforgooddeedsthanforbadandforsuccessesthanforfailureswhensuchanevaluationisunjustified psychologicalpressures1believingthatyouaremoreintelligentthanyouactuallyare2 believingthatapositiveoutcomeiscompletelyduetoyourtalentswhenitmaybepartlyexplainedbychancefactorsortheeffortsofothers3 blaminganegativeoutcomesinyourlifeonotherpplorbadluckwhenitmaypartlybeduetomakingbaddecisionsyoursingingabilityATTRIBUTIONTHEORY Social ThinkingdispositionalvsSituationalattributionexplainingothers fundamental store infoattributionerrorexplainingself selfservingbias interpret infoeffectsofattribution remember infomoralmodel responsibleforproblem solutionietyougotyourselfinthismessyougetyourselfoutcompensatorymodel notresponsibleforproblembutresponsibleforsolutionie ImaybedownbutIkeepgettingupmedicalmodel notresponsibleforproblemnorsolutioni.e yougotsickbutwewilltreatitforyou g ep n b p l m Iple I g pie Icametoacceptthatwaspowerlessattitudes actionsattitudesarefeelingsinfluencedbyourbeliefsthatpredisposeapersontorespondinaparticularwaytoobjectsotherpploreventsattitudechange persuasionCENTRALROUTEPERSUASION PERIPHERALROUTEPERSUASIONattitudechangepathinwhich attitudechangepathinwhichpplareinterestedpplfocusontheargu influencedbyincidentalcuessuchasmentsarespondwfavorable aspeaker'sattractivenessthoughtsourattitudespredictourbehaviorsimperfectlybleotherfactorsincludingtheexternalsituationalsoinfluencebehavioractionscanaffectattitudesnotonlydopeoplestandforwhattheybelieveinattitudetheystartbelievinginwhattheystandfor cooperativeactionscanleadtomutuallikingattitudesfollowbehavior Festinger1957COGNITIVEDISSONANCEwhenourattitudesandactionsareopposedweexperiencetensionTorelieveourselvesofthistensionwebringourattitudesIWhydoactionsaffectattitudesmallrequest LargereauestlieIntheKoreanwarChinesecommunistssolicitedcooperationfromUSarmyprisonersbyaskingthemtocarryoutsmallerrandsBycomplyingtosmallerrandstheywerelikelytocomplywlargeronesAkaFoot in theDoorphenomenonthetendencyforpeoplewhohavefirstaguedtoamran SOCIAL INFLUENCErequesttocomplyeaterw alargerrequest conformity obediencegroupinfluencesocial influence thepowerofindividualsthegreatestcontributionofsocialpsychology isitsstudyofattitudesbeliefsdecisionsandactionsandthewaytheyaremoldedbysocialinfluencesocial contagionTheLookingGlassEffectwhenwearekeenlyawareofourattitudeshabits ofthinking theyaremorelikelytoguideouractionsMimicry Apartofempathy ithelpsustoconnecttootherscanbeprosocialorantisocialChameleonEffect Adjustingone'sbehaviororthinkingtocoincidew agroupstandardMoodLinkage wefeelhappywhenwhappyppl adepressedaround ppyppSeattlewindshieldpittingEpidemic Masshysteriaasanexampleofsuggestibilityor moodcontagionCONFORMITYANDOBEDIENCEBehavioriscontagiousmodeledbyonefollowedbyanotherWefollowbehaviorofotherstoconform Otherbehaviorsmaybeanexpressionofcompliance obedience towardauthorityGrouppressure conformitySuggestibilityisasubtletypeofconformityadjustingourbehaviororthinkingtowardsomegroupstandardSolomonAsch1951 AschExperimentsubjectswereaskedwhichlineA CmatchedthetargetlineManysubjectschosethewronglinebecauseoftheanswersthatothersubjects actorsgaveThisexperimentshowedtheextentofsocialpressurefromagroupthatcancauseconformityfeltambivalencebetweentheirperceptions thoseofthegroupDanAriely Cheating Dishonestywearepredictablyirrationalwecanbeinfluencedinwaysthatwedon'tevenrealizefudgefactor goalstolookatourselvesandfeelgoodLookingGlassEffectaswellascheatandbenefitfromitwecheatuptothelevelthatwewouldfinditcomfortable tostillfeelgoodaboutourselves wealsothinkthatweshouldbeabletoincreaseitorshrinkit toaffecttheamountofcheatingsomeonedoesinsocietypeoplecontemplatemoralitywhenitmattersConditionsthatstrengthenconformityoneismadetofeelincompetentorinsecuregrouphasatleast3pplgroupisunanimousoneadmiresthegroupsstatusonehasmadenopriorcommitment gupobserve s avione'sculturestronglyencouragesrespectforsocialstandardsobediencepeoplecomplytosocialpressureshowwouldtheyrespondtooutrihtcommandStanleyMilgram19331984 designed astudythatinvestigatestheeffectsofauthorityonobediencethemostfamousstudyofobediencewherethesubjectwasgivendirectordersfromanauthorativefiguretoinflictshocksofpaintoanotherfigureconfederatethatmeasuredfrom15Vto450VthisfocusedontheconflictbetweenobediencetoauthorityandpersonalconscienceandmeasuredhowmuchanindividualwouldcomplytoordersevenwhenItgoesagainstpersonalmoralmanyofthesubjectstheshockerswereinastateFattieantuffonstortabityMilgram'sexperimentsuggestedthatpeoplearesusceptibletoobeyingauthoritybutalsodemonstratedthatobedienceisnotinevitablethisideaisstillpermeatingtoday consistentincertainsituationspeoplegettrappedintheconflictthatcriticalthinkingdoesnotcomeintoplaythepowerofindividualizationoverpeople socialconflictshowedhowpeoplewouldobeyinstructionsfromthosewhotheysawaslegitamateauthorityfiguresunexpectedlypowerfulhumantendencytoobeyauthoritiesprovidesareferencepointforcertainphenomenathatstrainourunderstandingsubjectsteachersshockers wereexhibitingcognitivedissonancewhichfeltresolvedbyobedienceindividualresistance 13oftheindividualsinMilgram'sstudyresistedsocialcoercionGROUP I FLUENCE effectsofgroupinteractiongrouppolarizationdiscussionamonglikemindedpeopletendstostrengthenpreexistingattitudes lookingatwhatisgoingonbetween2groupsgroupthinkgroupmemberssuppressselfcensordissentingviewstoavoidconflict i.eBayofPigs CubanMisslecrisisVietnamwarinvasionofIraq lookingatwhatisgoingonintheactualgroupsocialpsychologistsstudyvariousgroups1Onepersonaffectinganother2Families3Teams4committeesI I 1 U 3 507 inthepresenceofotherssocialfacilitation improvedperformanceontasksintheprescenceofothers i.eracingcompetitionsocialloafing thetendencyofanindividualinagrouptoexertlessefforttowardattainingacommongoalthanwhentestedindividually Latané1981 i.etugofwargroupprojectdeindividualizationthelossofselfawareness selfrestraintingroupsituationsthatfosterarousal anonymityle mobbehaviorlootingussurviving IPO EPOF III DUALSsocialcontroluspersonalcontrolminorityinfluence