(Notes) 1.2: Social Psychology
total PSYGHEL0GHz
vi scientificallystudieshowwethinkaboutinfluence
social psychology andrelatetooneanother
socialThinking
socialthinkinginvolvesthinkingaboutothers
especiallywhentheyengageinbehaviorsthatare
unexpected
socialpsychology's most
C importantlessons 1 Doeshisabsenteeismsignifyillness
lazinessorastressfulworkatmosphere
C weconstructoursocialreality
f oursocialintuitionsareoften evilpplorordinarypplcorrupted
bylife
a
powerfulbutsometimesperilous events
socialinfluencesshapeour roleplaying situationsaffectattitudes
behavior Zimbardo 1971assignedtherolesofguards prisoners
mm
torandomstudentsandfoundthatguards prisoners
C personalattitudes dispositions developedrole appropriateattitudes
p alsoshapebehavior
socialbehaviorispsychologically
f rooted
C socialpsychsprinciplesare
ABUGHRAIB creating a cultureofcreuity
aprisonisaplaceofenormouspowerdeferential
aversiveexperiencespredisposeonetoangerandaggression
anovelenvironmentwhoestablishednormsforacceptablebehaviorleadus
tolooktoothersfordirectionespeciallytothoseincharge
peermodelingalsohelpstodefinereality
dehumanizationofprisonersasanimalsorscumwasmadeeasierinIraqbecauseof
theforeignlanguageacustoms
a we vs they mentalityexisted
themechanicsofmoraldisengagementwereevident
deindividualizationoftheguardsdiffusedresponsibility underminedselfrestraint
unresponsivebystanderswhohadprivateconcernsdidnotopenlydisagreeorchallengetheimmoralbehavior
goingonintheprison
If aformulathatpertainsto goodpeople seeingcontributingcreatinga
y
how weexplainsomeone'sbehavioraffectshowwereacttoit
dispositions
dispositionsareenduring
personalitytraitsSoifJoeisquiet
shyandanintrovertedchildwe
thinkthatheislikelytobelikethat
attributingbehaviortopersons orsituations in anumberofsituations
attributiontheoryFritzHelder1958suggestedthatwehave
atendencytogivecasualexplanationsforsomeone'sbehavior Ateacher
maywonder
oftengangeitherthesituationortheperson disposition Whetheramug no myreffanaggressivepersonality
fundamentalattributionerrorthetendencytoover dispositional
estimatetheimpactofpersonaldisposition attribution or isareaction
underestimatetheimpactofthesituationsinanalyzing tostressorabuse a situational
thebehaviorsofothers attributingadispositiontopersonality attribution
Selfservingblas peopleacceptmoreresponsibility
forgooddeedsthanforbadandforsuccessesthanforfailures
whensuchanevaluationisunjustified psychologicalpressures
1believingthatyouaremoreintelligentthanyouactuallyare
2 believingthatapositiveoutcomeiscompletelyduetoyour
talentswhenitmaybepartlyexplainedbychancefactorsor
theeffortsofothers
3 blaminganegativeoutcomesinyourlifeonotherpplorbad
luckwhenitmaypartlybeduetomakingbaddecisions
yoursingingability
ATTRIBUTIONTHEORY Social Thinking
dispositionalvsSituational
attribution
explainingothers fundamental store infoattributionerror
explainingself selfservingbias interpret info
effectsofattribution remember infomoralmodel responsibleforproblem solution
ietyougotyourselfinthismess
yougetyourselfout
compensatorymodel notresponsibleforproblembutresponsibleforsolution
ie ImaybedownbutIkeepgettingup
medicalmodel notresponsibleforproblemnorsolution
i.e yougotsickbutwewilltreatitforyou
g ep n b p l m Iple I g p
ie Icametoacceptthatwaspowerless
attitudes actions
attitudesarefeelingsinfluenced
byourbeliefsthatpredisposeapersontorespondinaparticularwaytoobjectsotherpplorevents
attitudechange persuasion
CENTRALROUTEPERSUASION PERIPHERALROUTEPERSUASION
attitudechangepathinwhich attitudechangepathinwhichpplare
interestedpplfocusontheargu influenced
byincidentalcuessuchas
mentsarespondwfavorable aspeaker'sattractiveness
thoughts
ourattitudespredictourbehaviorsimperfectlybleotherfactorsincludingtheexternalsituationalsoinfluencebehavior
actionscanaffectattitudesnotonlydopeoplestandforwhattheybelieveinattitudetheystartbelievinginwhatthey
standfor cooperativeactionscanleadtomutualliking
attitudesfollowbehavior Festinger1957
COGNITIVEDISSONANCE
whenourattitudesandactionsareopposed
weexperiencetensionTorelieveourselves
ofthistensionwebringourattitudes
I
Whydoactionsaffectattitude
smallrequest Largereauest
lieIntheKoreanwarChinesecommunists
solicitedcooperationfromUSarmyprisoners
byaskingthemtocarryoutsmallerrands
By
complyingtosmallerrandstheywerelikelyto
complywlargerones
AkaFoot in theDoorphenomenon
thetendencyforpeoplewho
havefirstaguedtoamran SOCIAL INFLUENCErequesttocomplyeaterw a
largerrequest conformity obedience
groupinfluence
social influence thepowerofindividuals
thegreatestcontributionofsocialpsychology isits
studyofattitudesbeliefsdecisionsandactionsand
thewaytheyaremolded
bysocialinfluence
social contagion
TheLookingGlassEffectwhenwearekeenlyawareofourattitudes
habits ofthinking theyaremorelikelytoguideouractions
Mimicry Apartofempathy ithelpsustoconnecttootherscanbe
prosocialorantisocial
ChameleonEffect Adjustingone'sbehaviororthinkingtocoincide
w agroupstandard
MoodLinkage wefeelhappywhenwhappyppl adepressedaround
ppypp
SeattlewindshieldpittingEpidemic Masshysteriaasanexampleof
suggestibilityor moodcontagion
CONFORMITYAND
OBEDIENCE
Behavioriscontagiousmodeled
byonefollowed
byanotherWefollowbehaviorofotherstoconform Otherbehaviors
may
beanexpressionofcompliance obedience towardauthority
Grouppressure conformity
Suggestibilityisasubtletypeofconformityadjustingourbehavior
orthinkingtowardsomegroupstandard
SolomonAsch1951 AschExperiment
subjectswereaskedwhichline
A Cmatchedthetargetline
Manysubjectschosethewrongline
becauseoftheanswersthat
othersubjects actorsgave
Thisexperimentshowedtheextentofsocialpressurefrom
agroupthatcancauseconformityfeltambivalencebetweentheirperceptions thoseofthegroup
DanAriely Cheating Dishonesty
wearepredictablyirrational
wecanbeinfluencedinwaysthatwedon'tevenrealize
fudgefactor goalstolookatourselvesandfeelgoodLookingGlassEffect
aswellascheatandbenefitfromit
wecheatuptothelevelthatwewouldfinditcomfortable tostillfeelgood
aboutourselves wealsothinkthatweshouldbeabletoincreaseitor
shrinkit toaffecttheamountofcheatingsomeonedoes
insocietypeoplecontemplatemoralitywhenitmatters
Conditionsthatstrengthenconformity
oneismadetofeelincompetentorinsecure
grouphasatleast3ppl
groupisunanimous
oneadmiresthegroupsstatus
onehasmadenopriorcommitment
gupobserve s avi
one'sculturestronglyencouragesrespectforsocialstandards
obedience
peoplecomplytosocialpressureshowwouldtheyrespondtooutrihtcommand
StanleyMilgram19331984 designed astudythatinvestigatestheeffectsofauthority
onobedience
themostfamousstudyofobediencewherethesubjectwasgivendirectorders
fromanauthorativefiguretoinflictshocksofpaintoanotherfigureconfederate
thatmeasuredfrom15Vto450V
thisfocusedontheconflictbetweenobediencetoauthorityandpersonalconscience
andmeasuredhowmuchanindividualwouldcomplytoordersevenwhen
Itgoesagainstpersonalmoral
manyofthesubjectstheshockerswereinastate
Fattieantuffonstortabity
Milgram'sexperimentsuggestedthatpeoplearesusceptibletoobeyingauthoritybutalso
demonstratedthatobedienceisnotinevitable
thisideaisstillpermeatingtoday consistentincertainsituations
peoplegettrappedintheconflictthatcriticalthinkingdoesnotcomeintoplay
thepowerofindividualizationoverpeople socialconflict
showedhowpeoplewouldobeyinstructionsfromthosewhotheysawas
legitamateauthorityfigures
unexpectedlypowerfulhumantendencytoobeyauthorities
providesareferencepointforcertainphenomenathatstrainour
understanding
subjectsteachersshockers wereexhibitingcognitivedissonancewhichfeltresolved
byobedience
individualresistance 13oftheindividualsinMilgram'sstudyresistedsocialcoercion
GROUP I FLUENCE effectsofgroupinteraction
grouppolarizationdiscussion
amonglikemindedpeopletendstostrengthenpreexistingattitudes lookingatwhatis
goingonbetween2groups
groupthinkgroupmemberssuppressselfcensordissentingviewstoavoidconflict i.eBayofPigs Cuban
MisslecrisisVietnamwarinvasionofIraq lookingatwhatisgoingonintheactualgroup
socialpsychologistsstudyvariousgroups
1Onepersonaffectinganother
2Families
3Teams
4committees
I I 1 U 3 507 inthepresenceofothers
socialfacilitation improvedperformanceontasksintheprescenceofothers i.eracingcompetition
socialloafing thetendencyofanindividualinagrouptoexertlessefforttowardattainingacommongoalthanwhen
testedindividually Latané1981 i.etugofwargroupproject
deindividualizationthelossofselfawareness selfrestraintingroupsituationsthatfosterarousal anonymity
le mobbehaviorlootingussurviving
IPO EPOF III DUALS
socialcontroluspersonalcontrol
minorityinfluence