(Notes) 5: Developmental Psychology
CROSS SECTIONAL
STUDIES
LOGITUDINAL STUDIES
onegroupofpeoplestudied
participants
ofdifferentages overaperiodoftime
studied atthesametime
U IT 5
developmentalpsychology
TWOMAJORDEVELOPMENTALISSUES
continuity andstages
researcherswhonewdevelopmentas
aslowcontinuous
processaregenerally
thosewhoemphasizeexperience learning
Thonw abiologicalperspectiveonthe
otherhandnewmaturation development
as aseries
ofgeneticallypredisposed stabilityandchange
stepsorstages lifelongdevelopmentrequiresboth
stability changePersonality
graduallystabilizesaspeopleageHowever
thisdoesnotmeanthatourtraitsdonot
changeoveralifetimeSometemperaments
aremorestablethanothers
SigmundFreud
ErinEnmon STAGE
THEORISTSteapot FreudEriksonandPiagetall
believedthatwetravelfromstage
tostagethroughoutourlifetimes
SIMH a oral stage aGe o c
seekpleasurethroughourmouths developsduringtoilet
Training
ummmm am
FREUD 1856 1939 theoralreceptivepersonalityispre
weallhavealibidosexualdrive controllingandexpelling
mannnn s
ii mm
ourlibidotravelstodifferent
areasofourbodythroughoutour andsensitivetorejectionTheywill apersonfixatedmaybe
development easilyswallowotherpeople'sideas comeoverlycontrolling
retentive orout control
www.wmmpa www.msn.mg
anyoneareawehavebecome hostileandverballyabuswetoothers NNN
fixatedonit uringmonthbasedaggression
togetherFreudcalledthesestages PHALLICSTAGE 3 6 LATENCYSTAGE 6 12
ourPsychosexualStages
of childrenfirstrecognizetheir
Development gender 47
driveistransformedto
GENITALSTAGE 12 DEATH causesconflictonfamiliesw allowforselfdiscovery
libido isfocusedontheirgenitals theOedipus ElectraCompletes Thruhobbiesandinterests
a
andsexualrelationshipswtheopp
gender
Frendthoughtbalancemallareas inrelationships leadtoeaseordifficulty
oflifeandrelationshipsreflecta relatingtoothers
mentallyhealthyindividual
I K
TrustUS MISTRUST INFANCYNIYEAR
1902Iggy IHOcanababytrusttheworldto
fulfillitsneeds aneoFreudian
workedw AnnaFreud
thetrustormistrusttherydevelop thoughtourpersonalitywasinfluenced
by
cancarryonwthechildforthe ourexperienceswothers
w
4 mmmm m
ptychosoctaggytognaconflict
AutonomyusSHAME DOUBT CITO3YEARS
arevinarofFreud'stheory
Toddlersbegintocontroltheirbodiestoilettramay Eriksonfocusedonhealthy
childdevelopment
controltemperTantrums Eriksonproposed8stagesofpsychosocialdevelopment
bigword ME plusonein 1997
cantheylearncontrolorwilltheydoubtthemselves
6YEARSTOPUBERTY
INITIATIVEVSGUILT 3TO6YEARS schoolbegins
www.wyyyyygyygyy
wordturnsfromNotoWHY weareforthefusttineevaluated
byourpeers
andaformalsystem
dowefeelgoodbadaboutouraccomplishments
Uthecuriosityencouragedorscolded
cankadistofeelingbadabout
ourselvesfurtherestofourliverIDENTITY VS ROLECONFUSION
inferioritycomplexTEENYEARSINTO20s
mourteenageyearswetryoutdifferent
roles
whoamI
MARRIAGE
atleasta 5 1ratio positivetonegativein
ifIdonotfindmyself 7identitycrisis tenactionsin aclearindicatorofahealthy
relationship
INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
20s TOEARLY40s GENERATIVITY VSSTAGNATION
have tbalanceworkandrelationships iseverythinggoingasplanned
whataremypriorities am IhappywwhatIcreated
mid lifecrisis
INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
n myye ayyy g my my
LIFETRANSITon US LIFECOMPLETION
lookbackon
life LATE80sANDOP GEOTRANSCENDENCE
JoanEriksoncompletedworkonthe9thstage
ofdevelopmentfromnotesmadebyherhusband
beforehedied
wthe9thstagethe oldpersonconfronts
allpreviouseightstagesagain butthisPRENATALDEVELOPMENT
thenegativepolenewtakesadominantrole
conceptionbeginsw thedropofanegg time allstagesconvergeatthesametime
release
ofaboutsoomillionsperm
thespermseeksouttheeggandattemptsto
penetratetheeggssurface
CRITICALPERIODS
atwhatprenatalstage isthedeveloping
babymostvulnerabletotoxinssuchas
alcoholcocaineandcigarettesmoke
aretheeffectsmoreseverewhenthe
exposureoccursearlyinpregnancy
oraretheymoreseverewhentheexposure
occursclosertobirth
CONCEPTION
theprocessoffertilizationwhereaspermcell
combinesw aneggtocreateaneworganism
OVULATION
releaseofaneggovumfromfemale
Jt t
processthatoccursduringcelldivision
inwhicheachnewcelliscommittedto
become aparticularstructure lessthanhalfofzygotes
STAGESOFPRENATALDEVELOPMENT survivethefirst2wks
0 implantation alodaysafterconceptionzygote
pasttheembryonicstage weeks3 8
F
manager www.a.g.e.tn
attachestouterinewall
0 miscarriage 0 criticalperiods
0 stillbirth
N thO proximadistalpattern
Iggy
fetalstage 9wks birth38 40wks
4thefetusbya lemo thestomach other
organshaveformedenoughtosurviveoutsideof
themother
0 atthistimethebabycanhearandrecognize
soundsandrespondtolight
THEMOTHER'SHEALTH AGE
ifawomanis carryingan
infectiousdiseasewhilepregnant
itcanendangerthefetus
herpes
syphallis
HivIAIDS
mother'sage
teratogens theireffectsonthedeveloping
brainandmind
Ianysubstanceorconditionthat
mightdisruptprenataldevelopment
causebirthdefects
alcoholcocaineandcigaretteuseduring
pregnancy
2FetalAlcoholSyndrome FAS
0syndrome
ofbirthdefectscaused
byprenatalexposuretoalcohol
0 lowered 1Qhyperactivitygrowth
defectsphysicalmalformations
2Cocaine
0retardsgrowthcancausepre
termbirthmalformations in
thebaby'sbrainintestines
andgenitalurinarytract
CigaretteSmoking
0 containsmorethan450different
harmfulchemicalslikenicotine
carbonmonoxideandcyanide
0 damagetheplacentareduce
thebloodsupplyoxygenPhysicalDEVELOPMENT ININFANCY CHILDHOOD
nutrientsfertufetusmaturation
thedevelopment
ofthebrainunfoldsbasedongeneticinstructions
causingvariousbodilyandmentalfunctionstooccurinsequence
standingbeforewalkingbabblingbeforetalking
tounderstandtheemergenceofmotorskills memorywemust
understandthedevelopingbrain
maturationsetsthebasiccourseofdevelopment
whileexperiencyadjustsit
now
comb fits.tntentsof son
smellandtaste
visualacuity theabilitytoseefinedetail IMMEDIATELYAFTERBIRTHTHEIRFACIAL
visualacuityfornewbornsisbetween201150 201600 EXPRESSIONSSHOWTHATNEWBORNSREACTTo
infantsreach20120by6to rmonths CERTAINOdorsin amannersimilarto
canTHEYSEEDIFFERENTCOLOR ADULTS
colorvisionisrelativelymatureby6months
HowDEEPisTHATDrop EARLYDEPTHPERCEPTION LATELYAFTERBIRTHEVENBEFORETHEIR
depthperceptionisavailable
bythetimeinfantslearntocrawl FIRSTFEEDINGS
howwelldoinfantshear
EVENBEFOREBIRTHFETUSESREACTTOLOUDNOISES
BY6MOOFAGEINFANTSRESPONDTOABROADRANGEOFSOUNDSINCLUDING
mother development
REFLEXES theinfant'sfirstcoordinatedmovements
voluntaryMOVEMENTS themotormilestones
CULTURALDIFFERENCESINEARLYEXPERIENCE
involuntarymovementselicitedby
environmentalstimuli REE É ISrootingreflex ifyoutouchanewborn's
cheektheinfant'sheadwillturninthe
directionofthetouch
s suckingreflex ifanythingtouchesan
infant'slipstheinfantautomatically
themotor beginstosuck
r o INTMYMovÉMINTS milestones graspingreflexwhenanobjecttouchesan
dynamicsystemstheoryThelen1989 infant'spalmthebabywillattempttograb
grossmotordevelopmentprocessofcoordinatingintricate
movementswthelargemusclesinthebody
finemotordevelopmentprocessofcoordinatingintricate
Jmovementsw smallermuscles
proximodistal
f fpalmarGrasp Hands Gsomoold
pincerGRASPC alomoold cognitivedevelopmentfocuseson
TRIPODGRASP howchildrenthinkandhowtheir
STEPPINGREFLEX ThinkingimpactsTheiractions
Moro CHANGEPosOFBABY ARMSLEGScomeup childrenlearndifferentlythan
BABINSKI PRESSONSIDEOFFOOT TOESMEND adultsbyadjustingtheirown
understandingastheyexplorethe
world
mentalschemer
motordevelopment
infantsrollover sit'insupported o'Eaumidiate
assimilation
accommodation
experiencehastittleeffectonthissequeme stagesofdevelopment
sensorimotor
preoperational
concreteoperational
schemas thewayweinterprettheworldaroundus formaloperational
childrennewtheworldthrough
schemaslasdoadultsforthemostpart Piagetbelievedthatthedrivingforce
behindintellectualdevelopmentis
assimilation incorporatingnewexperiencesintoexistingschemas ourbiologicaldevelopmentamidst
flteacha3yearordthatadogisananimalw 4legstatail experienceswtheenvironment
i helshewillassimilateanyanmalthatftsthebroaddescriptionasadog
assimilationinhighschool whenyoufirstmeetsomebodyyouwillassimilate
themintoaschema
youalreadyhave shapedbytheerrorswemate
modation changinganexistingsenematoadapttonen
www.dwewpmentit
SENSORIMOTORSTAGE
experiencetheworldthru
Piagetbelievedchildreninthesensorimotorstage DTriothavepermanence
couldnotthink theydon'thaveanyabstract 0 2
conceptsorideasHoweverresearchshowsthat T babiestakeuntheworldly
childrena thesensorimotorstagecanthink lookinghearingtouching
andcount mouthing andgrasping
MATURATION INFANTMEMORY
theearlieststageofconsciousmemory
isaround342yrs asylohasaseniseof
selfandanincreased
longtermmemory
organizationofmemoryisdifferent
from34years
1 childrenunderstandthebasiclawsofphysicsTheyareamazedathowaballcanstopinmidairordisappear
2 childrencanalsocountWynn 1992,2000showedthatchildrenstaredlongeratthewrong ofobjects
SOCIALANDEMOTIONALDEVELOPMENT
upuntiln8moinfantsdon'tmindstrange
pplmaybebleeveryoneisstrangetothem
atalyrinfantsdevelopstrangeranxiety
thisistheageatwhichinfantsform SEPERATIONANXIETY
schemas
forfamiliarfacesandcannot
assimilateanewface separationanxietypeaksatismoof
ageregardlessofwhetherthechildren
arenomeorseuttodaycare
v
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
2 7