0 OnOnotess 03113s11W3 5GAIETYLEEE7r rOrganelles & FunctionsNucleus (Eukaryotic) - Stores generic information.Nucleolus (Eukaryotic) - Makes ribosomesCytoplasm - (All Cells) Contains the contents of the cellCytosol (All Cells) - Gel like matrix that olds water and nutrientsCytoskeleton (Eukaryotic) Structure, support and transport.Ribosome (All Cells) - Makes proteinsRough E.R (Eukaryotic) - Makes proteins for the Endo Membrane systemSmooth E.R (Eukaryotic) - Detoxifies the cell and makes lipidsGolgi Apparatus (Eukaryotic) - sorts and ships proteinsMitochondria (Eukaryotic) - Makes energyLysosomes (Eukaryotic, animal cells only.) - Removes unwanted material and waste.Peroxisome (Eukaryotic) - Regulate biochemical pathways that involve oxidationVacuoles (Eukaryotic) - Store water, nutrients and waste.Vesicles (Eukaryotic) - Transport materials around the cellCell Membrane (All) - A thin flexible barrier that separates the cell from it’senvironment.Cell Wall (Plants, fungi and prokaryotes) - Rigid barrier that protects the cell.Large Central Vacuole (Plants only) - stores water and regulates turgor pressureChloroplasts (plants only) - Makes food using the process of photosynthesis. To DoThe nucleus is arguably the most important organelle in the cell. It is the control center, telling all of theother organelles what to do and when to do it.The nucleus also contains all of the cell's genetic material or its DNA. This material has all the instructionsthe cell needs for making proteins and many other important molecules.The nucleus is surrounded by two membranes. These membranes have many openings in them, whichallow for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus. RNA, proteins, and other molecules moveout of the nucleus, into the rest of the cell.The cell's chromosomes are also found in the nucleus. These condensed strands of DNA are what containsall of the cell's genetic information.When the cell is in its growing phase, the DNA is elongated into very thin, hair-like structures. When thecell is getting ready to divide, the DNA condenses into chromosomes and the material gets duplicated.Within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is a structure called the nucleolus. This is the site of ribosomeformation.Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. In these organisms (which include the bacteria), the genetic material isfree-floating within the cell membrane. The genetic material of prokaryotes is a different shape than thatof eukaryotes, but it serves the same function.Outside of the nucleus but within the cell membrane is a gel-like substance called cytoplasm. It is mademostly of water and dissolved salts. It bathes the organelles and keeps them healthy. It is also the mediumthrough which materials move about the cell.Within the cytoplasm is a network of tiny tubes called the cytoskeleton. These tubes are used to give thecell structure and also to support the organelles by holding them into place. Some parts of thecytoskeleton also work to transport certain things between different parts of the cell.The cytoskeleton is made from two different components: microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubulesare hollow and made of protein. They are very important in helping to maintain the cell's shape. They arealso important during cell division. When this occurs, the microtubules form structures called spindle
fibers, which allow the chromosomes to separate. Microtubules are also part of the different projectionscoming off of the cell surface. These structures, called cilia and flagella, assist with cell locomotion.Microfilaments are very thin threads made of protein. Like the microtubules, they help the cell keep itsshape.Making proteins is a very important job for a cell. Ribosomes are small pieces of RNA found throughoutthe cytoplasm and on some other organelles. Their only job is to assemble proteins.DNA coding tells them which proteins to make. Prokaryotic cells can have tens of thousands of ribosomes.Eukaryotic cells can have hundreds of thousands, if not millions of them, all making proteins.Once proteins are made, they need to be moved to different parts of the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum(E.R.) is a collection of lipid membranes that work to move the proteins from one area of the cell toanother.Slides The E.R. comes in two different forms - rough and smooth. Rough E.R. has ribosomes attached to it. Theseribosomes make proteins that are scheduled to leave the cell. The E.R. transports these proteins to anotherorganelle that will package them up and ship them out. The smooth E.R. does not have any ribosomes onits surface. This is where the lipid part of the cell membrane is assembled.Once the ribosomes on the E.R. have made the proteins for the cell to export, they need to be packaged insuch a way that they can leave the cell and be taken in by the parts of the body that need them. Theorganelle responsible for this is called the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi bodies), which looks like a stack ofpancakes. The Golgi apparatus changes, sorts and packages the proteins as they leave the E.R. so they areready to leave the cell. Because it is so important to shipping things out of the cell, the Golgi apparatus isalways found near the cell membrane.Cell parts wear out and die. These pieces of 'garbage' need to be disposed of somehow. That is the job ofthe lysosomes. These structures are filled with digestive enzymes that break down those items that wouldbecome toxic if they were left in the cell. Lysosomes also break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydratesinto more usable forms for the cell.