whenpeople act in a certain way there'sno need for extensive socializationnormalization to create the behavioursthe louder the society screamsthat people are this way the more you'relooking at a shaped learned behaviourschoolsdothis Ads I workplaceDesert dwellers usrainforest peopleMore violence in thedesert folksPastoralists tend to bemore monotheismhistorical association which continues tothis dayAll theory aside, Southerners are more politethan Northerners. Whether it's an outgrowthof colonization, socialization, cultural beliefsor parenting, the South trumps the Northwhen it comes to manners and respectingothers.Altruistic punishing. Spend your resources to punish someone else forcheating. Participants across cultures were similar in willingness to punishparticipants for cheating. But they differed in their willingness to punishothers for being too generous. Happily, the US and UK students were theleast likely to do this (and, of course, the Scandanavians).In between, Slav countries, Middle East plus Turkey. Worst rates went toGreece and the Arabic Emirates. [As a side note, a theory presented inThe Wisdom of Crowds is that trust is necessary to make a marketeconomy work. Greece is having a lot of success with their marketeconomy these days.] they didn't want to up the ante or sothey said The levels of trust in societywere lower in the societies that weremore likely to punish antisociallyThe profile of a terrorist Isolatednothing to lose young Male RightIs this truestandfora prisonexperimentWrong if we're describing Muslimfundamentalist terrorists. Insteadthe profile turns out to be a sociallyconnected, educated and middleclassy type of person.Even worse and more confusingly,they tend to not have actuallyexperienced the oppression. Andshockingly, not very high levels ofreligiosity. So wtf?One argument comes from Professor Zimbardo (Stanford Prison Study guy) - under the rightsocial context, virtually anybody can be convinced to act in bizarre ways. (The Lucifer Effectdetails the Stanford Prison Study and goes into elaborate depth on these topics. Overelaborate actually. Basically it's 300+ pages that state the same thing as the sentence above,plus a chapter or two on how great his girlfriend is/was. Not recommended.) In manycases thismake moresense thanthe violencearising out ofconditions ofaffluenceeducationMost common cause of aggressionMale vs Male agression over reproductiveto femaleMales attacking females over denial ofaccess to reproductive activitiesAnother selection element comes from the nature ofinternational terrorism - you've got to work within thenetwork and be able to travel, plan and execute effectively.This calls on different skills than a socially isolated lonerwith nothing to lose may have. So you might get a naturalselection that doesn't tell us about the actualcharacteristics so much as it indicates a framework.To wit, relative to the population as a whole, there aren'tthat many terrorists. So is it possible for us to find ascrewed up dude who comes from a middle class family,has a family of his own and has significant education? Is1/1,000 possible? 1/10,000?After all, a dominant theme throughout hum-bio is that the expression of the genesis typically based on gene-environment interaction.The profile above seems to violate that theme, but that presumes that we have a fullpicture and that the listed external trappings mean what we think they do. Or thatthe external data is real (not that a terrorist organization would ever think to dummyup a history for a bomber that would confound anyone that researched him as wellas get him access to the target zone.) In chimps societies females heads outwhen they hit their mating yearsThus chimps have related maleswarfare cooperation genocidal behavioursPseudo kinship People we feel arelike ourrelatvesBnd of brothers specialliving arrangement Special terms Creakof pseudo kinship identitiesPseudospeciation Making othersseem moredifferentthan you than they are So differentthat killing them hardly even countsExample Rawanda the Hutu war crykill the cockroachesPrior to Congressional authorization of the Gulf War, a nurse"refugee" from Kuwait city gave testimony about appallingbehavior she'd witnessed at her hospital.Allegedly, Iraqi troops had raided the hospital, killing offpatients, stealing equipment, so on and so forth. Allegedly theytook neonates out of their incubators, set them on the counterand stole the equipment.So Congress responded to the story by authorizing the war. Itwas a close vote and several Senators indicated this story was acrucial factor in their decision. But it was a hoax. The nursewas not a nurse; she was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassadorto the US and she had been trained by a US government paid PRfirm to say what needed to be said. Naturally after selling this drama to thePublic the media didn't make abig todo of it when it turned out to be falsePut someone in an FMRI scannerflash pictures quickly enough to get subconscious responses the amygdalaactivates when pictures of someonefrom a different race are shownalso dependingon backgroundpeople weremore likelyto have theamygdalaeffect Growypwith multiculturalbackground you'd not have the sameresponsecontact theory also suggestthat contact with other social groupsreduce aggression But mere contact ins n'thttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah_testimonyResearch by Susan Fisk provided alternate findings when thestudies were tweaked. Add dots to the pictures and tell thesubjects to look for dots and you do not see the same activity inthe amygdala.Ask them to give their opinion on whether the person is olderthan 35 (categorical thinking) and the amygdala gets even moreactivated.Finally she primes them to think of the person as an individual -would this person like coke or pepsi? Then the amygdala doesn'tactivate. The difference is in whether the subject is thinking ofpeople as part of a category or as individuals. Sufficient Spatial characteristics matterGet just enough of one group to thebattle another instead of gettingcooperation you are more likely toget conflictmaybe it's notabout water rightsor land Maybeit's more aboutrespecting eachother as people asevidence throughrespect for valuedsymbolsReciprocal altruism game theorybetter results Repetition number ofrounds unknown open book playpeople know your reputation punishmentespecially second party altruistic punishmentOpt out clauses also select for cooperateRobert Axelrod of the U of Michigan and theimportance of symbols in peacemaking. Respectothers' symbols, get respect and cooperation thatgoes beyond expected issues (such as resources).Nelson Mandela and Invictus. Conflict in theMiddle East and issues of Hamas folks thatrepresent the Palestinians making statementsalong the lines of "If they'd just acknowledge wegot screwed in 1948 [when the UN created Israelon top of Palestine] we could get serious aboutpeace" and Israeli hawks saying they couldconsider it if the anti-semitic talk would stop inPalestinian schools - taking the emotions, symbolsand feelings of the so called opponent seriouslyas opposed to material elements or only your ownconcerns. Trench warfare and intentional missesas a way to negotiate peaceRevise it3 times 21genes are reductionismJumping genestranscriptionFagtigenetieinfluencehttps://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uGy-JG2i4BA&list=PLQg3jbNWckEU-oP9MZyqXBxzpkKdcQw1M&index=4&t=4shttps://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aAJkLh76QnM&list=PLQg3jbNWckEU-oP9MZyqXBxzpkKdcQw1M&index=5Today's lecture focuses on Chaos theory. Theassigned book is Chaos by James Gleick. Part ofwhat's analyzed is reductive science,which is basically the concept that we can digdeeper and to ever smaller portions of a thing andultimately gain knowledge about that thing.So we can go from saying people have feelings, topeople have limbic systems to people haveneurotransmitters and on down the line and at eachlevel we come closer to the fundamental buildingblocks.These blocks are then believed to be consistent -figure them out scientifically and you canreproduce the results. Part of chaos theory isthat there is no end to the potential for reducing(think quarks) and that at a certain point we hitthe Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and end upwith randomness.As he goes through the lecture, prior themes willcome to mind, such as the earlier points about thefrontal cortex, the most complex part of humans,being the least constrained by genes.https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ovJcsL7vyrk&list=PLQg3jbNWckEU-oP9MZyqXBxzpkKdcQw1M&index=12https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TQKELOE9eY4&list=PLQg3jbNWckEU-oP9MZyqXBxzpkKdcQw1M&index=9 are chaos like thatfundamental patterns arealtered in unpredictableways or at least inways that aren'tcontrolled determined bifricationgraphin traditional sensebi frication diagramThomas Aquinas3 things god cannotscience over religion The doUniverse as ordered with Sinabsolutes we have theMake a copy ofintroduction of reductionismUnderstand a complex himselfsystem by breaking it down make a triangle withinto it's parts more than 180 understand it those you get the wholThis is core to scienceif nty Z 143 4 57.827867htt 7 2 1 x 3 onht 2 7 2 2the closer we look to anything the closeryou will get you will realise noise inthe patternLinearity Additivity addcomponent parts togetheryou can produce theend result if you knowthe starting stateyou can figure outwhat the end resultwill beif it's reductivethen there's ablue print that system towards whatit should end up looking like gIn Humbio think back to the heritabilitysegment science reduces down toone controllable variable in the labgets result then calls those scienttruthA lot of room for innaccuracythere since real system are muchmore likely to be variableLorenz's waterwheelThe Human body thus goes down levelsBody organs cells etcBut it doesn't work this wayfor everything Hubel Weisel theoryof individual grandmother neurons dotSignificantly, the variability that emergesin data is viewed as junk, noise,instrument error something to be gotten ridof. And the thinking is that the way to getrid of it is to be more reductive; the closeryou get, the less variability there should be.Eventually you should be able to measurethe true, iconic norm.In Chaos, Gleickpoints out that hard to measure systemswere basically ignored and considered to beunscientific. line curves The thinking beingthat one neuron stores one thingfrom simple to complexBut the cortex seems to workin systems networkschanceJust like with neurons, therearen't enough genes to codefor the bifurcating system geneby gene. It cannot be areductive, point for pointsolution.Bifurcating systems. Scale free. All thebranch points on neurons arebifurcating (dendritic trees). Thecirculatory system is also bifurcating.As is the pulmonary system. Brownian Motion Cellular material differsfrom the first divisionThe takeway is that the mostinteresting stuff can't be regulated in asimple reductive wayDeterminist PeriodicDeterminist Aperiodic This is whereour waterwheel comes in It's notostensibly linear but it is periodicthe pattern is simply complicatedNon determinist random elementschaotic a pattern that never repeatswhen the amount of forceadded crosses a threshold it goes fromaperiodic or aperiodic pattern to onethat no longer has arepeating observablstructure the magic number seems tobe 3 have 3 distinct patterns on arepetitive structure you're closingin a chaotic system butterfly effectFractal Information that codes for aPattern has similar featureto the prior elements withthe same type of complex ivariability ThinkbifuractionsfractalsThus science encounters the problemthat variability is the system onlyway to produce accurate true datais to include noise Reductiveapproaches can still be very effectivethe data just won't reflect an absoluterealityWith these strange attractors, the pattern doesn'treally repeat - somewhere at that millionth decimalmark, there's a minor change which in turn leads toa slightly different next value. These differencesamplify with each new value; this is the so calledbutterfly effect (marginal impact of the wingschanges the environment slightly...)