Scientific Answers 4
Scientific Answers
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SCIENTIFIC

ANSWERS

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Scientific Answers
Content
Chapter Theme Page
Chapter1
Caves 3-6
Chapter 2 Robots 7-10
Chapter 3 The human brain 10-15
Quiz Memory 17-18
Craft Cell 18
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Caves
Caves in Greece
Caves are natural cavities inside the Earth that can be accessed by humans. In Greece, there
are many impressive caves worth visiting. Here are some of the most well-known ones:
1. Cave of Lakes in Achaia: A unique cave with cascading lakes on three levels.
2. Melissani Cave-Lake in Kefalonia: A lake-cave with crystal-clear waters and a
partially collapsed roof that creates a stunning spectacle.
3. Alistrati Cave in Serres: One of the largest and most beautiful caves in Europe,
featuring a rich interior decoration.
4. Diros Cave (Vlychada): One of the most beautiful lake caves in the world, with
impressive stalactites and stalagmites that create a magical underground landscape.
Diros Cave
Below are details about caves in general, but with a focus on the Diros Cave.
The Diros Cave is located in Mani and is one of the largest
caves in Greece. It features large underground lakes,
stalactites, and stalagmites.
Submerged Stalagmites
Beneath the surface of the water, there are large stalagmites.
Since these form from dripping water falling from cave
ceilings, it is evident that they were created when the cave was
dry due to lower sea levels. At that time, the underground
river flowed through galleries located at much deeper levels.
Stalactite Waterfall
Behind the large “waterfall” lies a lake section with a low
ceiling, filled with thin stalactites that reach down to the water’s
surface.
On the tourist route of approximately 1,600 meters, visitors are
taken on boats through the lake section before disembarking
onto dry land and walking along a pathway that leads to an
artificial exit.
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The Depths of the Cave
To visit the parts described here, one must swim for about an hour after completing half of
the tourist route, passing through labyrinthine lake chambers. At one point, there is a
section where the ceiling touches the water’s surface, requiring one to hold their breath to
pass through.
Risk of Dehydration
Due to the presence of lakes inside the cave, the humidity
level is close to 100%. This keeps the stalactites and
stalagmites “alive.” However, the high humidity causes
speleologists to rarely feel thirsty, which poses a risk of
dehydration if
they don’t make
a conscious effort to drink water frequently.
Source for Diros Cave Information: “Earth &
Water, Wonderful Greece”
Cave of Lakes
The Cave of Lakes is truly a natural wonder. It is
located near the village of Kastria in Achaia,
about 17 kilometers from Kalavryta. The cave is
known for its 13 consecutive cascading lakes spread across three levels, making it unique
compared to other caves in Greece.
The cave used to be a riverbed and spans about 2 kilometers, although only 500 meters are
accessible to the public. Visitors enter through an artificial tunnel that leads directly to the
second level. Elevated bridges allow them to walk over the lakes, admiring the stunning
stalactites and stalagmites.
Additionally, the cave has significant archaeological value, with
fossils of animals such as hippopotamuses and elephants having
been discovered. It’s a destination that combines natural beauty
with historical interest.
Melissani Lake-Cave
The Melissani Cave-Lake is located on Kefalonia, about 2
kilometers northwest of Sami. The cave is famous for its natural
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beauty and turquoise waters, creating a
breathtaking scene. The cave’s natural
entrance is vertical, measuring 40x50 meters,
and was formed by the collapse of a section of
the roof.
The cave consists of two sections: an open and
bright area and a closed section with a small
island in the center. Sun rays enter through the
roof opening and illuminate the water, creating
dazzling colors that shift depending on the
sun’s position. Visitors can enjoy a boat ride on
the lake, marveling at the stalactites and stalagmites decorating the cave.
The lake’s water is brackish*, supplied by various sources, including the “Katavothres”
spring near Argostoli. The lake’s depth ranges from 10 to 30 meters, and the water
temperature remains stable throughout the year. The cave also has archaeological
significance, with artifacts depicting nymphs and other
elements that highlight its mythological importance.
A visit to the Melissani Cave-Lake is a unique
experience that combines natural beauty with historical
interest. Visitors can reach the cave by car or taxi from
Sami or Argostoli. The best time to visit is between
May and October. If you’re in Kefalonia, this is a must-
see destination to witness its unparalleled beauty.
*Brackish water is a mix of freshwater and
seawater. Areas with brackish water are rich
in nutrients and oxygen, supporting high
biodiversity.
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Robots
Robots are among the most exciting achievements of modern technology. But what exactly is
a robot? A robot is any mechanical device that can substitute for humans in various tasks. A
robot can operate under the direct control of a human or autonomously under the control of
a programmed computer.
Robots can be used to perform tasks that are either difficult or dangerous for humans to do
directly. In other cases, they are used to perform tasks faster or cheaper than humans. Thus,
they can be used in the automated production of large quantities of a product at a lower cost
(for example, in production lines).
Here are some interesting facts about robots:
1.Automation and Precision: Robots are widely used in
industry to perform tasks with consistency and precision
that are difficult or dangerous for humans.
2. Flexibility: With technological advancements, robots
have become more flexible, able to adapt to various tasks and environments.
3. Automated Assistants: Robots are also finding applications in our daily lives, such as
robotic cleaners and personal assistants that can help with household chores.
4. Exploration: Robots are used for exploring hard-to-reach or dangerous areas, from the
depths of the oceans to outer space.
5.Artificial Intelligence (AI): The integration of AI in robots allows them to make more
complex decisions, learn from their experiences, and communicate with humans in a more
natural way. In the future, we might see robots assisting in even more daily activities, such as
cooking our meals or taking care of the elderly.
Robots are designed to perform specific tasks automatically or under human control. There
are many types of robots, and they are used in various fields. Below you will find some basic
information about robots:
1. Types of Robots:
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• Industrial Robots: Used in industry for manufacturing products in factories. They have
mechanical arms and can perform repetitive tasks, such as welding or assembly.
• Service Robots: These robots help people with daily tasks. They can be cleaning robots,
like robotic vacuums, or robots that assist in medical procedures.
• Rescue Robots: Used in dangerous situations, such as disasters, to help search and rescue
people.
• Humanoid Robots: Designed to resemble humans and perform tasks such as speaking,
walking, and interacting with their environment.
• Exploration Robots: Used to explore areas that are difficult for humans to reach, such as
space or deep oceans.
2. Characteristics of Robots:
• Sensors: Robots have sensors that allow them to perceive their environment. These
sensors can measure light, sound, movement, or even temperature.
• Actuators: These are mechanisms that allow robots to move or manipulate objects, such as
mechanical arms or wheels.
• Software and Artificial Intelligence (AI): The most advanced robots have software with AI
that allows them to make decisions and learn from their environment.
3. Uses of Robots:
• Industry: Used in factories for assembling and producing products. Robots can perform
complex processes with precision and speed.
• Healthcare: Robots assist (a robot cannot perform surgery alone) in surgeries, distribute
medications, or even care for patients.
• Military: Used for surveillance, bomb disposal, or even combat.
• Space: Robots like NASA's Rover explore Mars and other planets, collecting data that
humans cannot obtain.
Scientists and engineers working on these technologies are developing robots that can move
naturally like humans, but this remains a significant challenge. They are also working on
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developing AI systems that will allow robots to understand complex instructions and make
independent decisions. This is an area of ongoing research.
4. The Future of Robots:
The future of robots includes devices that can operate entirely autonomously, without the
need for human intervention, known as Autonomous Robots. Robots that can interact with
humans naturally and provide social companionship, known as Social Robots. Additionally,
tiny robots that can be used in medicine to enter the body and repair cells or deliver drugs.
Many robots have left their mark on history. One of the most famous is Honda's ASIMO, the
first humanoid robot that could walk and perform tasks like serving coffee. Also, NASA's
Mars Rover, a robot exploring the surface of Mars, has provided us with valuable information
about the Red Planet.
Do you want to build your own robot? You can start with simple tools like Scratch or LEGO
Mindstorms. There are also kits that contain materials such as wheels, motors, sensors,
microbits, etc. Alternatively, there are robotics classes in afternoon workshops throughout
the year. Robotics is very interesting and fun! You can program your robot to perform a
simple command, like following a line or avoiding obstacles. It's like giving your robot a
small 'brain' that tells it what to do!
How to Create a Simple Robot Using Everyday Materials
You can build a simple robot using everyday materials such as cardboard, small motors, and
batteries. For example, you can create a robotic arm that moves when you press a button. It’s
a fun way to learn how robots work!
Conclusion
Robots are more than just machines—they’re the mechanical friends of our future. Whether
they’re helping to build cars or exploring space, robots are here to stay. Who knows? Maybe
one day, you’ll create your own robot that changes the world!
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The Ethical Dilemma of Robots: Should We Make Robots Look Like Humans?
As robots become increasingly intelligent, an important question arises: should robots look
and behave like humans? It’s essential to consider the consequences of creating robots that
closely resemble us. Could this help humanity, or might it introduce new challenges?
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The Human Brain
The brain is the control center of our body. It is located inside the skull
and floats in a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid. Its shape resembles a large walnut. It
communicates with the rest of the body through “wires” called nerves
and through hormones. Neural signals can travel at speeds of up to
428 km/h.
The brain is roughly the size of two fists and weighs between 1,250
and 1,600 grams. Heavier individuals tend to have heavier brains. Men’s brains are heavier
than women’s, but the weight of the brain has no connection to intelligence. About 60% of
the brain consists of fatty acids.
The brain is divided into three parts: the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the cerebral cortex.
The cerebellum is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination.
The brainstem controls digestion and ensures that the heart and breathing do not
stop.
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer that consists of neurons, which you’ll read
about below.
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parietal lobe
Frontal lobe,
temporal lobe,
occipital lobe.
Scientific Answers
The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the right and the left. Each hemisphere
controls the opposite side of the body.
The left hemisphere is responsible for calculations, numbers, analyzing why
something happens, and speech.
The right hemisphere governs intuition, emotional
thinking, creativity, art, and music.
This applies to right-handed people. For left-handed individuals, the
roles are reversed.
The two hemispheres are further divided into four lobes, each
responsible for specific functions:
The frontal lobe helps us plan, control emotions, and
coordinate movements.
The parietal lobe interprets bodily sensations and gives meaning to what we feel.
The temporal lobe is responsible for memory,
recognizing people, and recalling what we’ve learned.
The occipital lobe processes visual information.
The brain (cerebral cortex) is made up of millions of nerve cells
called neurons. The more we learn, the more neurons connect with
each other. Learning something new, therefore, changes the
brain’s structure!
Note: New nerve cells cannot form in
adulthood. So, if a neuron ages or gets damaged, it cannot be
replaced.
The brain uses about 20 watts of energy per day—
equivalent to the energy required to power a simple
household light bulb. This energy comes from the
food we eat. The more we eat, the more energy we
gain, which we then expend through activities like exercising or walking.
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The Function of the Brain as Seen in Positron
Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
The Anatomy of the Brain as Seen in
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Scientific Answers
Sleep
Extra Mini Chapter
No one truly knows why we need sleep. It’s
believed that the brain requires it to organize experiences from the day and enhance
learning.
Good sleep is directly linked to good health. It affects many bodily, mental, and emotional
functions. For example, difficulty remembering something or feeling irritable is often due to
poor sleep quality. Sleep also impacts performance, recovery, and even weight. For instance,
someone who eats well and exercises might struggle to lose weight simply because they don’t
sleep enough.
On average, a person needs 8 hours of sleep, though this varies with age. During
developmental stages, children require more sleep. Additionally, specific situations, such as
recovering from surgery or dealing with stress, may increase the need for sleep. Lack of
sleep has been linked to strokes, diabetes, and even cancer. Genetics also play a role—some
people are predisposed to need more or less sleep, regardless of their habits.
How to Sleep Well
The position in which we sleep significantly impacts the quality of our sleep. There’s no
single ideal position for everyone:
About 75% of people sleep on their side, 10% on their stomach, and 15% on
their back.
Sleeping on the left side usually aids digestion.
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Sleeping on your back can be very beneficial,
especially for those recovering from surgery, as it provides proper
spinal alignment. However, it may worsen snoring or sleep apnea.
Sleeping on your stomach is generally not
recommended, as it can cause back and neck pain.
Additionally, your mattress and pillow are crucial for good sleep.
Their quality and lifespan should be considered. A mattress should
be replaced every 8–10 years. Synthetic pillows should be replaced every six months, while
natural ones every 2–3 years.
Pro Tip: Drinking milk, eating cheese, or snacking on pistachios can help induce sleep.
Πηγή για τον ύπνο: Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ (εκτός από τον πρόλογο)[διασκευή]
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Quiz!
1. Where are underwater stalagmites found in a cave?
A) At the bottom of the lake.
B) Below the water’s surface.
C) On top of rocks.
2. Due to the presence of lakes, the humidity in caves approaches…
A) 100%.
B) 76%.
C) 50%.
3. Do “autonomous robots” exist today?
A) Yes, but only in America.
B) Yes (in all countries).
C) No.
4. Should we build robots that resemble humans?
A) No one knows; no definite decision has been made, only various opinions.
B) No, because they might launch a campaign against us.
C) Yes, to help us with tasks and provide companionship.
5. What does the right hemisphere of the brain control in a left-handed person?
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A) The right side of the body.
B) The left side of the body.
C) The whole body.
6. How much energy does the brain use in 24 hours?
A) 50 watts.
B) 10 watts.
C) 20 watts.
7. If we sleep… we aid digestion.
A) On the left side.
B) On the right side.
C) On our back.
8. …% of us sleep on our stomach.
A) 75%.
B) 15%.
C) 10%.
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Answers
1. = B
2. = A
3. = C
4. = A
Craft
Make a Brain Cell Decoration!
Materials:
• 2-3 pipe cleaners (it's recommended that one is a different
color from the others)
• Scissors
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Sneak Peak!
See the image that will be on the cover of issue
5, before it is released!
The topics will be about: human eyes, the pols
of earth and one more topic…5. = B
6. = C
7. = A
8. = C
Cut the pipe cleaners of
the same color so that you
have at least 6 small
pieces.
Bend the small pieces in
half.
Place the bent pieces
onto the large one.
It’s ready!
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Scientific Answers
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In our magazine, you will find useful information about caves, robots,
and the human brain, as well as a small extra chapter. By reading it, you
will discover things you didn’t even know existed! Keep the information
in mind because there will be a quiz.
Editors: Zeta and Maritina
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