(Notes) 4: Biology of the Mind & Consciousness
THE BRAIN
madeupofneuronselectricalimpulses glialcells
glialcellssupportneuralcells
u i brainplasticity
theabilityforourbrainstoformnewconnectionsafterthe
PARTONE neuronsaredamaged
biologyofthemind 9consciousness Lstheyoungeryouarethemoreplasticyourbrainis
Ightantihistamine
ecell neuron
cellBodythecell'slifeneuronatomy
supportcenter
heldinterminalbuttonsthat
travelthroughsynapticgap
is iii
iii
actonpotential aneuralimpulseisabrief cellbodytoother
Whatchargethattravelsdownanaxonandisgenerated
bythemovement man
positivelychargedatomsinandoutofchannelsintheaxon'smembrane receivemessagesfrom myelinsheathcoversthe
helpsspeedneuralimpulses
TerminalBranchesofaxon
formjunctionsmothercells
actionpotentialproperties
restingpotentialneuronsstartoutinaslightlynegativecharge
thresholdeachneuronreceivesexcitatoryandinhibitorysignalsfrommanyneuronswhenenoughtransmittersreachdendrites
Whentheexcitatorysignalsminustheinhibitorysignalsexceedaminimumintensitythreshold theneuronfiresanaction
potential
all or noneresponse astrongstimuluscantriggermoreneuronstofireandtofiremoreoftenbutitdoesnotaffect
theactionpotentialsstrengthorspeed
intensityofanactionpotentialremainsthesamethroughoutthelengthoftheaxon
synapse SINaps
isajunctionbetweentheaxontipofthesendingneuron thedendritecellbodyofthereceivingneuronThistinygapis
thesynapticgapcleft
howneurotransmittersinfluenceus
neurotransmitterschemicalsreleasedfromthesendingneurontravel
acrossthesynapse bindtoreceptorsitesonthereceivingneuronthereby
influencingittogenerateanactionpotential
neurotransmittersinthesynapsearereabsorbedintothesendingneurons
thrutheprocessofreuptake appesthebrakesonneurotransmitter
action
TypesofNeurotransmitters
a
DOPAMINE
dealswmotormovement ralertness
ofdopaminehasbeenlinkedtoParkinson's
Tfm_hasbeenlinkedtoschizophrenia
ACETYLCHOLINE ACH ENDORPHINS
dealswmotormovement memory mowedinpaincontrol
toomuchislinkedtooveractivity manyofourmostaddictive
tooattiresembedtomemoryimpairment drugsdealwendorphins
LackofACHhasbeenlinkedto
Alzheimer's
SEROTONIN
mowedinmoodcontrol
back depression
SelectiveSerotoninReuptakeInhibitor
SSRI
Lock KEYMECHANISM
Neurotransmittersbindtothereceptorsofthereceivingneuron
inakeylockmechanism
agonist mimicsneurotransmitter antagonista ÉÉÉAgonists ANTAGONISTS
neurotransmitter
TheagonistmoleculeexcitesItissimilarenoughin
structuretotheneurotransmittermoleculethatit
mimicsitseffectsonthereceivingneuron
LEXMorphinemimicstheactionofthe
theendorphins
bystimulatingreceptorsinbrain
areasinvolvedinmoodapainsensations
Theantagonistmoleculeinhibitsithasastructure
similarenoughtothetransmitter
tooccupyitsreceptsiteand
blockitsactionbutnotsimilar
enoughtostimulatethereceptor
LEXCurarepoisoningparalyzes
Itsvictims
byblockingAChreceptors
Involvedinmusclemovement
THENERVOUSSYSTEMPt2
Nervoussystem consistsofallthenervecellsItisthebody'sspeedy
electrochemicalcommunicationsystem
CentralnervoussystemCns thebrainandspinalcord
PeripheralnervoussystemPmsthesensoryandmotorneuronsthat
connectthecentralnervoussystemCnstotherestofthebody
kindsofneurons
Sensoryafferentneuronscarryincominginfofromthesense
receptorstotheCNS
motorefferentneuronscarryoutgoinginfofromtheCnsto
musclesandglands
interneuronsconnectthetwoneurons
treesensorsneuron
qq.jpNEy mines
motorneuron
thenervesconsistofneuralcablescontainingmanyaxonsTheyare
partofthePNSandconnectsmusclesglandsandsenseorganstothe
CNS
thePNSthatcontrolsthebody'sskeletal
Allnervesthatarenotencasedinbone muscles
autonomicnervoussystem Partofthe
Everythingbutthebrainandspinalcord PMSthatcontrolstheglandsandother
muscles
isdudedinto2categories
SOMATICNERVOUSSYSTEM
AUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEM AND
controlsvoluntarymusclemove
divided
into2categoriessympathetic aparasympathetic ment
worth awwwhmmmAhhh
my motor efferent neuronssympatheticnervoussystemarousesthebody
mobilizingitsenergyinstressfulsituations
parasympatheticnervoussystem calmsthe
bodyconservingitsenergy
SYMPATHETICNERVOUSSYSTEM PARASYMPATHETICNERVOUSSYSTEM
fightorflightresponse automaticallyslowsdownthebody
afterastressfulevent
automaticallyacceleratesheartrate heartrate breathingslowdownpupils
breathingdilatespupilsslowsdown constructanddigestionspeedsup
digestion
CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM
thespinalcord reflexes
Thebrainandneuralnetworksinterconnected infoiscarriedfromskinreceptorsalongasensory
neuronsfromnetworksinthebrainThesenetworks neurontothespinalcordfromhereitispassedvia
arecomplexandmodifywgrowth experience interneuronstomotorneuronsthatleadtomuscles
duetosomemovementsinvolvingonlythespinal
cordthesemovementscanhappenevenbeforeinfo
hasreachedthebrain
Reflexes
normallysensoryafferentneurons
takeinfoupthruspinetothebrain
y
Theendocrinesystemisthebody's slow chemical somereactionsoccurwhensensoryneurons
communicationsystemCommunicationis reachjustthespinalcord
carriedoutbyhormonessynthesizedbya setof
glands