All Political Ideology in the world explained
to begin with greek roman philosopher like so rates
Plateau Xienophon acted as torchbearers
with their assessment of democracy civil life
but as Roman Empire collapsed those progressive
ideas merged into feudal Europe which is
beingreferred to as the dark ages owing to corrupt
clergyand ruling class degradation of nationalthought
Introduction:
• The types of state that exists today and the
nature of the relation it shares with its citizens
has its roots in political philosophy such as
Socialism, Capitalism, Communism and
Democracy.
• Literally, political philosophy is the study of
fundamental questions about the state,
government, politics, Liberty, justice and the
enforcement of a legal code by authority.
• It is ethics applied to a group of people, and
discuss is how a society should be set up
and how one should act within a society.
Individual rights that has the right to
life, Liberty, property, the pursuit of
happiness, free speech, self-defense,
etc. state)explicitly the requirements for
a person to benefit rather than suffer
from living in a societY.
Nevertheless, the favorable
intellectual environment was
produced during the
Renaissance( between 14th and
16th century), in addition with
enlightenment late 17th and early
18th century) also called the
'age of reason', that
circulated the ideas like reason,
individualism, and skepticism.
Some form of capitalism has been dominant in the western world since the end of
feudalism)in the Middle Ages, and has provided the main, although not exclusive,
means of industrialization throughout much of the world.
• It rise to prominence sprang out of the mercantilism of the 16th to the 18th
centuries, and followed the rise of liberalism and Laissez-faire economics in
western society.
• The capitalist mode of production, however, may exist within societies with the
differing state systems (example liberal democracy, fascism) and different social
structures.
Capitalism Capitalism is the economics and social system
and also the node of production) In which the
means of production are predominantly
privately owned and operated for profit, and
distribution and exchange is in a mainly
market economy.
• But usually considered to involve the right
of individuals and corporations to trade( using
money) in goods, services, labor and land.
• With the emergence of modern Nation-States in the 16th to the
18th
centuries, mercantilism(economic theory that the prosperity of a
nation depends upon its capital, or economic assets, as
represented by gold and silver, and that the volume of the world
economy and international trade
is unchangeable, encouraging a protectionist role for
government) became dominant in Europe.
• The classical tradition in
capitalist economics thought emerged in Britain in the late 18th
century, with Adam Smith, David Ricardo (1772-1823) and John
Stuart Mill, as well as with Jean-Baptise Say in France.
Important contributions to the theory of property are
found in the earlier work of John Locke, who had
argued that the right to private property is a natural
right.
•Adam Smith's criticism of the Mercantile system in
his "The wealth of Nations" of 1776 is often considered
the beginning of classical political economy.
• Smith devised a set of concepts that remain strongly
associated with capitalism today, particularly his theory
of the "invisible hand" of the market, through which
the pursuit of individual self-interest unintentionally
produces a collective good for society.
Communism
Many political thinkers Shifted their
poles between Capitalism and
communism as they deemed fit'for their
immediate society because the problems
they faced differed from society to society.
• For example, Fascist opposed both
international socialism and free market
capitalism, arguing that their views
represented a third position.
• They claimed to provide a realistic
economic alternative that was neither
Laissez-faire capitalism nor Communism.
Communist thought it also accredited to
communist ideas back to ancient times,
particularly in the work of Pythagoras and
Plato.
• For instance, it is argued that Plato's Republic
described in great detail a communist
dominated society wherein power is delegated
into the hands of intelligent philosopher or a
military Guardian class and rejected the
concept of family and private.
• In addition, in 16th century, English writers of
Thomas More portrayed a society based on
common ownership of property in his treaties
'Utopia', whose leaders administered it through
the application of reason.
Marx offered the staunchest critic of capitalism in his work
"Das Capital" in which he argued that, the owners of capital
are the dominant capitalist class(or Bourgeoisie), and the
working class or proletariat) who does not own capital must
live by selling their labor power in exchange for a wage.
• According to Karl Marx, capitalism is based on the
exploitation of workers by the owners of capital, and under
his theory of historical materialism, it represents just one of
the stages in the evolution of a society which would be
overthrown as the workers gain class consciousness and
take control over the state.
Socialism
exality in
opportunityor equality in
outcome both rare
different topic
equality in opportunity ok
equality in outcome doesn't
exe sit it's a recipe
for chaotic so city
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Socialism is Socio-Economic system in whickgruv
property and the distribution of wealth are subjee to
control by the workers, either directly through popular
collectives such as workers' councils, or indirectly
exercised on behalf of the people by the state, and in
which egalitarianism or equality is an important goal.
• Thus, under Socialism, the means of production are
owned by the state, community of the workers! as
opposed to privately owned as under capitalism).
• Communism and Socialism are economic and
political structures that promote equality and seek o
eliminate social classes.
Poverty spread so widely in the Soviet Union if
(1980s that its Citizen(revolted
• Like Communism, the main focus of Socialism
is on equality.
• But workers earn wages they can spend as they
choose, while the government, not citizens, owns
and operates the means for production.
• Workers receive what they need to produce
and survive, but there's no incentive to achieve
more, leaving little motivation.
• The term socialism is variously attributed to
Pierre Leroux or to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud
or Robert
Owen in the mid 19th century.
•According toFrederick Engels, by 1847, the term
Socialism( usually referring to the Utopian
philosophies of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier)
was considered quite respectable on the continent of
Europe, while Communism was the opposite.
The two aré interchangeable in some ways, our different
in others.
• In a Communist society, the working class owns
everything, and everyone works towards the same
communal goal.
• There are no wealthy or poor people all are equal, and
the community distributes what it produces based only
on need.
• Nothing is obtained by working more than what is
required
1.
• Communism frequently results in low production, mass
poverty and limited advancement.
Certain elements of socialist thought long predate
the socialist ideology that emerged in the first half
of the 19th centurv
• For example, Plato's "The Republic" and Sir
Thomas Moore's Utopia dating from 1516 have
been cited as including Socialist or Communist
ideas.
• Modern Socialism emerged in early 19th century
Britain and France, from a diverse array of
Doctrines and Social experiments, largely as a
reaction or protests against some of the excesses of
18th and 19th century capitalism.
Carly 19 century socialist thought was largely Utopian in
nature, followed by the more praguati and revolutionary
Socialist and Communist movements in the late 19th century.
Social critics in the late 18th century and the early 19th
century such as Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon, Louis Blanc, Louis Blanc and Henri de Saint-
Simon criticize the excesses of poverty and inequality of the
industrial revolution, and advocated reforms such as the
egalitarian distribution of wealth and the transformation of
society into small utopian communities in which private
property was to be abolished.
Some Socialist Religious movements, such as the
(Shakers in America, also date from this periSUas
does the Chartist movement for political and
social reforms in the United Kingdom( possibly
the first mass working class movement in the
world).
• It was Karl Marx, though, who first employed
systematic analysis sometimes known as
"Scientific Socialism") in an ambitious attempt to
expose capitalism's contradictions and the specific
mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates.
In '1864, the International Workingman's Association (IWA) OK
First International was founded in London, and became the first
major international forum for the promulgation of Socialist ideas,
under the leadership of Marx and Johann Georg Eccarius.
• Anarchists, like Russian Mikhail Bakunin, and proponents of
other alternative visions of Socialism, which emphasized the
potential of small scale communities and agrarianism, coexisted
with the more influential currents of Marxism and social
democracy.
• Much of the development of Socialism is indistinguishable from
the development of Communism, which is essentially an extreme
Marx and Engels, who together had founded the Social
Democratic Workers Party of GermariUCh 1869, we're also
responsible for setting up the (Second Internationall or
Socialist International) in 1889, as the ideas of socialism
gained new adherents, especially in central Europe, and just
before his death in 1895, Engels boasted of a
"single great international army of Socialists"
• In the First World War started in 1914, the Socialist Social
Democratic parties in the UK, France, Belgium and
Germany supported their respective state's war effort,
discarding their commitment to internationalism and
solidarity, and the second international dissolved during the
war.
• In Russia, however, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin denounced the
war as an imperialist conflicTUnd urged workers
worldwide to use it as an occasion for proletarian
revolution
• In February 1917, revolution broke out in Russia and the
workers, soldiers and peasants set up councils.
• The Bolsheviks won a majority in the Soviets in October
1917 and, at the same time, the Octobre revolution was led
by Lenin and Leon Trotsky.
• The new Soviet government immediately
Kationalized the banks and major industries|UDVI
repudiated the former Romonov regime's national debts,
sued for peace and withdrew from the First World War,
and implemented a system of government through the
elected workers council or Soviets.
• The Third International also known as the Communist
International or Comintern) was an international
communist organization founded in Moscow 1919 to
replace the Disbanded Second
International.
• After Lenin's death in 1924, the Communist Party of
Soviet Union, under Joseph Stalin declared a policy of
"Socialism in One Country", taking the route of
• This led to a polarization of socialism around the
question of the Soviet Union and adoption o (Socialists
or Social Democratic policies in response, or in other
cases the vehement repudiation of all (that it stand for.
• However, not everyone thought Socialism is necessarily
entailing revolution, and non-revolutionaries such as
influential economist John Maynard Keynes and John
Kenneth Galbraith, took inspiration from the work of
John Stuart Mill as well as Marx, and provided
theoretical justification for state involvement in an
existing market economy.
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Pretty ridiculous
hah google also
recognize
communist
leaders as socialist
(• Criticisms of socialism range from disagreements (over the
efficiency of Socialist economic and political models, to outright
condemnation of Socialist states.
& Some critics dispute that the egalitarian
distribution of wealth and nationalization of industries advocated
by some Socialists can be achieved without loss of political or
economic freedoms.
• Some argue that countries where the means of productions are
Socialized are less prosperous than those where the means of
production are nder private control.
• Yet others argue that Socialist policies
reduceuN/or incentives because workers do not
receive rewards for a work well done) and reduce
efficiency through the elimination of the profit
and loss mechanism and a free price system and
reliance on central planning.
• They also argue that Socialism stagnates
technology due to the competition being stifled.
• The tragedy of the commons effect has been
attributed to Socialism by some, whereby when
assets are owned in common, there are no
incentives in place to encourage wise
stewardship that is if everyone owned an asset,
people act as if no one owns it).
• There has also been much focus on the econgwis
performance and human rights records of Communist
states, although this is not necessarily a criticism of
Socialism.
• Socialists have counter argued that Socialism can actually
increase efficiency and economic growth better than
capitalism, or that a certain degree off efficiency can and
should be sacrificed for the sake of economic quality or
other social goals.
• They further argue that market systems have a natural
tendency towards Monopoly or Oligopoly in major
industries, leading to a distortion of prices, and that a public
monopoly is better than a private
one.
• Also, they claim that a Socialist approach can
(mitigate the role ofexternalities in pricing
• Some Socialists have made a case of Socialism and central planning being better
able to address the issue of managing the environment than selfserving capitalism.
The proposed model of Social Democracy an
more Left wing Democratic socialisncracy afra
considered a moderate form of Socialism( although
many societies would not), and aims to reform
Capitalism democratically through state regulation
and the creation of a state sponsored programs and
organizations which work to ameliorate or remove
injustices purportedly inflicted by the capitalist
marking system.
start of socialism
end of socialism
Few era of
socialism will
ends as
dictatorship
Historically, there have been many variations of
proposed and realized Socialism.
• Socialist philosophy have evolved considerably
overtime.
• What holds all of them together is, perhaps, a
fundamental belief that capitalism must either be
reigned in or eliminated in order for inequality to be
reduced, an individual and collective freedoms and
well-being to be ensured.
• Socialism in its current form, can be broadly
broken down into these categories:
• Democratic Socialism:
• Democratic Socialism Is a political philosophi tha advocates
political democracy alongside Social ownership of the means
of production with an emphasis on self-management and/or
Democratic management of economic institutions within
market socialism or decentralized and participatory planned
economy.
• Fabian Socialism:
• A form of Socialism in which a gradualist or a reformers
agenda rather than revolutionary agenda in reigning over the
negativities of Socialism and advancing the principles of
Democratic Socialism.
This is closest among the forms of Socialism which s followed
in India.
„Market Socialism?
• Market socialism is a term used to define an
economic system in which there is a market economy
directed and guided by socialist planners, and where
prices would be set through trial and error making
adjustments as shortages and surpluses occur) rather
than relying on a free price mechanism.
• By contrast, a Socialist market economy, such as
that practiced in People's Republic of China, is one
where major industries are owned by the state
entities, but compete with each other within a pricing
system set by the market and the state does not
routinely intervene in the setting of
mrices.
Libertarian Socialism:
• It aims to create a society without politicat,
economic or social hierarchies, in which every
person would have free, equal access to toolof
(information and production:
• This would be achieved through the abolition of
Mauthoritarian institutions and private property,
so that direct control of the means of production
and resources will be gained by the working class
in society as a whole.
• Most Libertarian Socialists advocate abolishing
the state altogether, in much the same way as
Utopian Socialists and many varieties of
Anarchism( including Social Anarchism, Anarcho-
Communism, narcho-Collectivism. and Anarcho-
Svndicalism)
• Anarcho-Communism:
• It has many of the features of
Libertarian Socialism but differentiates
itself mainly in that it seeks a more
complete, stateless anarchy and facilitates
individual agency above collective or
communal concerns.
Libertarianism
this would've worked
if we didn't have
religion us vs them
mentality or Biology
among us
• Libertarianism includes a broad spectrum of
political philosophies, each sharing the
common overall priority of minimal
government combined with optimum possible
individual Liberty.
• Its goals prioritize freedom: freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly, freedom to bear
arms, freedom of and from religion, freedom
of the press, freedom of ownership and
economic freedom.
• It promotes personal responsibility and
private charity, as opposed to the provision of
welfare services by the state, and it rejects the
compulsions of socialism and communism.
• Individual libertarians may differ considerablovo over particular
issue and, although there are libertarian political parties
worldwide, even these differ significantly in their outlooks and
policies.
• There is also a significant disparity between the usage of the
term in the United States where it is often considered
synonymous with liberalism and individualism in general, and
conservatism in particular, especially insofar as it supports limited
government) and elsewhere but it is most often understood to
refer to radical leftist currents of Anarchism).
•Generally, libertarians defend the ideal of
freegon from the perspective of how little one
is constrained by authority, that is how much
one is allowed to do( negative Liberty), as
opposed to the opportunity and ability to act
to fulfill one's own potential( Positive Liberty),
a distinction first noted by John Stuart Mill.
•They view life, Liberty and property as the
ultimate rights possessed by individuals, and
that compromising one necessarily endangers
the rest.
• They consider compromise of these individuadovo rights by
political action to be "tyranny of the majority" a term first coined
by Alexis de Tocquevilte, and made famous by John Stuart Mill.
• Many libertarians would also argue, however, that representative
majority rule democracy has all largely become controlled by
special interest groups who represent a minority, leading to a
"tyranny of the minority" against the real numerical majority.
• The term "Libertarian" stems from the
Frenshov 0 world Libertaire(For Liberty), and its
first recorded use in a political sense was in 1857
by Anarcho-Communist Joseph Dejacque.
• In common usage, "libertarian" refers to a
person who advocates Liberty, especially with
regards to thought or conduct, or a person who
maintains the doctrine of free will.
• The French philosopher Montesquieu develgged a distinction
between sovereign and administrative powers, and propose a
separation of powers usually into the executive, the legislative
and the judicial) to act as a counterweight to the natural
tendency of administrative power to grow at the expense of
individual rights.
• This became an important concept in both constitutional
monarchy's and republics.
• While, Locke believed that the role of any legislature was to
protect natural rights in the legal form of civil rights.
• He proposed ¿labour theory of property wharegy each
individual owns the fruits of his efforts by virtue of his
labor, and from this an economy emerges based on
private property and trade, with money as the medium
of exchange
• Adam Smith's moral philosophy stretch government
non-intervention so that individuals could achieve
whatever their "God given talents" would allow without
interference from arbitrary forces.
• He also opposed trade Guilds forerunners to modern
unions) and joint stock companies\ or corporations) for
the same reasons.
• The founding fathers of the United States
enshrined the protection of Liberty as the primary
purpose of government in the Declaration of
Independence of 1776 and the United States constitution,
and Thomas Jefferson in particular was key in establishing
the Law of Equal Liberty and the non-aggression principle
as major tenants.
• Very similar ideas were also included in the French
declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, a key
document in the French Revolution. • It was only in the latter half of the 20th cent gM O
that the term libertarian which had earlier been
associated with Anarchism, came to be adopted by
those whose attitudes bore closer resemblance to the
classical liberals.
3
• Rights Libertarianism( or Rights Theory or Libertarian Moralism
or Deontological libertarianism):
• Rights Theorists assert that: (a) all persons are the absolute
owners of their lives, and should be free to do whatever they wish
with their own bodies or property, provided they do not infringe on
the rights of another to do the same the law of equal Liberty); and
(b) That aggression, or the initiation of physical force or the threat
of such, against a person or his property, is inherently illegitimate
insofar as it impinges on the equal rights of a person ( the non-
aggression principle), except in the case of self-defense.
• This view of "natural rights" drives from the
sharly writings of Thomas Hobbes and John
Locke.
• Most Rights Libertarians recognize the
necessity of a limited role of government as a
"necessary evil" to protect individuals from any
violation of their rights, and to prosecute those
who initiate force against others Minarchism),
although some opposes the existence of
government and taxation altogether on the
grounds that it represents non-aggression against
individual rights by its very nature( Anarcho-
Capitalism).
• Robert Nozick and Murray Rothbard are
representatives of this view of libertarianism.
• Consequentialist Libertarianism( or LibertariaN o
Consequentialism):
• Consequentialist libertarianism justifies the rights of
individuals or pragmatic or consequentialist, as well as moral,
grounds consequentialism is the moral theory that the
consequences of a particular action from the basis or any
valid moral judgement about that action).
• They are less concerned with the non-aggression principle
and more concerned with the notion of a society that allows
individuals to enjoy political and economic Liberty, which
they see as foundation for the human happiness and
prosperity.
•They argue that individual Liberty leads to
economic efficiency and other benefits, and it does the most
effective means of promoting or enhancing social welfare.
• Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises, and Frederick Hayek,
major proponents of this view.
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• Liberals also ended mercantilists policies, Rgila
monopolies and other barriers to trade, instead
promoting free markets.
• Philosopher John Locke often credited with
founding liberalism as a distinct tradition, arguing
that each man has a natural right to life, Liberty and
property, adding that government must not violate
these rights based on the Social Contract.
• While the British liberal tradition has emphasized
expanding democracy, French liberalism has
emphasized rejecting authoritarianism and is linked to
nation building.
• Liberalism is perhaps the most popular formANin
government across all democracies of the world, including
India, Western Europe and United States.
• Liberalism and Pluralism are similar in the sense that both
support equality, tolerance and democracy.
• In fact, Pluralism is a principle which developed by the
Liberals in nothing but a part of the Liberal tradition.
• Further, both of them seek social change through the
institutions of democracy viz. Political Parties and Universal
Adult Franchise.
• Broadly falling under Libertarianism,
Liberalismarisam political view based on Liberty
and equality.
• Liberals generally support civil rights, democracy,
secularism, gender equality, internationalism, and
the freedoms of speech, the press, religion and
markets.
• Liberalism became a distinct movement in the
age of enlightenment, when it became popular
among western philosophers and economists.
• Liberalism sought to replace the norms of
hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute
monarchy, the divine right of Kings and the
traditional conservatism and representative
democracy and the rule of law.
fascism
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• Fascism is an authoritarian nationalist politia ideology
that exalts nation( and often race) above the individual,
and that stands for a centralized autocratic government
headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and
social regimentation, and forcible suppression of
opposition.
• The term "Fascismo" was coined by the Italian fascist
dictator Benito Mussolini and the self-described
"Philosopher of Fascism" Giovanni
Gentile.
• It is derived from the Latin word "fasces", an ancient
Roman symbol consisting of a bundle of rods tied
around an axe, used to suggest "strength and unity".
• It was originally used to refer specifically to Mussolini's
political movement that ruled MaNy. Q from 1922 to
1943, but has subsequently also been used to describe
other regimes.
• It often claims to be concerned with notions of cultural
decline or decadence, and seeks to achieve a national
rebirth by suppressing the interest of the individual, and
instead promoting cults of unity, energy and purity.
• In economics, Fascism sees itself as a third way
between Laissez-Faire capitalism on the one hand and
Communism or Socialism on the other.
• It acknowledges the role of private propertyuand
the profit motive as legitimate incentives for
productivity, but only insofar as they do not conflict
with the interests of the state.
• Fascist governments tend to nationalize key
industries, closely manage their currencies and
make massive state investments.
• They also tend to introduce price controls, wage
controls and other types of economic planning
measures but there's a state regulated allocation of
resources, especially in the financial and raw
materials sectors).
if you don't you
could be missing
after sometime
• Fascism usually involves some degree of some o all of the
following elements:
• Nationalism( based on the cultural, racial and/or religious
attributes of a region).
• Totalitarianism( it regulated or nearly every aspect of public and
private sectors).
• Statism( state intervention in personal, social or economic
matters).
• Patriotism( positive and supportive attitudes to a
Fatherland.
• Autocracy( rather Google power in the hands of a single self-
appointed ruler)
•Militarism maintaining of a strong military capability
and being prepared to use it aggresSivel to defend or
promote national interests).
• Corporatism( encouragement of unelected bodies
which exerts control over the social and economic life of
their respective areas).
• Populism( direct appeals to the masses, usually by
charismatic leader).
• Collectivism( stress on human independence rather
than on the importance of separate individuals)
(It usually expresses opposition to the following
- Liberalism policies of minimal interference OF by
government, both politically and economically).
• Communism( specifically Marxism, but generally any
communal social organization).
• Democracy majority rule and competitive elections with
freedom of speech, freedom of press and some degree of
rule of law).
• Individualism( stress on human independence and the
importance of individual self-reliance and
Liberty)
Types of Fascism:
• Italian Fascism:
• It is the authoritarian political movement which
ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the
leadership of Benito Mussolini.
• It is the original model which inspired other
Fascist ideologies, and is generally refered to
simply as Fascism.
• It grew out of Mussolini's desire to re-affirm
Italian national identify and pride after so
marv centuries of disunity
innovetor or fail iure
copy eat but su cess
• Similar movements appeared throughout the
world -
including Europe, Japan, and Latin America)
between World War I and World War It.
• Nazism( or National Socialism)refers to the
ideology and practices of the German Nazi Party(or
National Socialist German Workers'
Party) under Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1945.
• It was a strongly nationalist, totalitarian, racist,
anti-Semitic and anti-Communist movement, which
grew up in the aftermath of German humiliation
after World War I, which was partly blamed on
Germany's Jews.
Hitler published his political beliefs inMein
Rampf" in 1925 and, inspired by the Italian
STUDY IQ Fascism of Mussolini, assumed
dictatorial powers as Chancellor in 1933.
• His belief in the superiority of an Aryan race
and the possibilities of eugenics(racial
purification), his fierce anti-Semitism and anti
Communism, combined with his militaristic and
expansionist ambitions led to World War II, with
its atrocities and genocide, eventual military
defeat and the subsequent abandonment of
Nazism as a viable ideology.
Clerical Fascism:
• It is an Ideology that combines the political and economic
doctrines of Fascism with theology or religious tradition.
• The term originally emerged in the 1920s referring to the
Catholic support for the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini,
but has since been applied to various regimes and
movements, particularly in Europe and South America.
Neo-Fascism:
• Neo-Fascism is any post World War Two ideology
that includes significant elements of Fascism, or that
expresses specific admiration or Benito Mussolini and
Italian Fascism, again particularly in Europe and
South America.
• It includes various neo Nazi movements, which can
be found almost worldwide.