MCAT PSYCH: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
sensorythresholds tweberslaw
absolutethreshold
lowestlevelofstimulusthatwecandetect501ofthetime
differencethreshold
minimumdifferencebtwn 2stimulithatcanbedetected Peronidecoding
501 of thetime
alsoknownas thejustnoticabledifferenceIND sensationstimulus encoding
angdetectiblechangeintheenvironment
weberstano
twostimulusmustdifferbya constantproportion whichvariesbythe
type ofstimulus butremainsconstantwithina givenstimulus
light O Weight 21 tone0.21 psychophysics
signalDetectionTheory stimuliaretranslate
signalDetectionTheory
Proposes amethodforquantifyingapersons ability I Éth
to detecta givenstimulussignal amongother
nonimportantstimuli noise
assumesnoabsolutethreshold 9Ywithight
tyaesponse Response
absent
stimuirspresent Easetypellerrorstimulusabsentypetaeffoffariseakfettion
todetectsignalnemust
1 acquirethe information stimulus
occipitemporalboarder2 Applycriteria makedecisions
AccuracyDependson visual speech
1Externalnoise outside body 1 1 102 Internal noise insideofbody Kinesthesissenseposition
GestaltPsychology of limbs bodymovement
bottomupprocessing mechanoreceptors pressure
startsw www.sensoryrexptorsnrildsmto awpinoreceptorsphysical
finalproductstartsw detailsBendswiththe disturbanced movement
finalrepresentationclearningtoreadisoundoutletterslthermoreceptors heat
TopdownProcessing
Startsw largerconceptorideaandworksdowntonocireceptors pain
thedetailsstartwideaaboutfinalrepresentation
andworkdownto sensorydetailsreadingnow
Wthusedatthesametimeinreality
Tonicreceptorgenerate
GestaltPsychology
Emphasizestendencyto organizeinformationintoa actionpotentialaslong
meaningfulwholesourminastendtointivencepnang.FIpf1
onYsgehreraWepercieveinpredictableways
O 01 I
usedinvisualprocessing
popsoutall atonce
DistinguishingthingstMtheir background
3addelysModelofworkingMemory
cognition
Thinkingnowweprocessinformationrelieving transforming
storingrecallinginformationthoughts processes
involvedw languagethinkingproblemsolvingdecision makingetc
likesto comparemind tocomputer
Baddeley Modelexplainsnow our3 Stsensorystores
interact w centralexercitivewhichcontrols the
flowofinfo from to sensorystores
fEEtgYt I wingans
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EADNGE 389
My o9m gyYaEmPisomgygtoiong.term
memory
memory
tamari.EEYYEm's
JiagetsstagesofcognitiveDevelopment drivetomakesenseofourexperiences
schema
mentalframeworkallowingustoorganizeourexperiences
stimuliBrespondtonewexperiencesstimuli
countlessmentalschemasby adulthood
wemustconstantlyassimilatenewexperiencestouse
ourschemaseffectively
accommodation wehaveto adjustour schemasbasedon
newexperiences interactions
Name Age Description Milestone
Sensori O 1.512 experienceworlddirectly objectPerminance
motor yrs throughsensesmotormovementStrangeranxiety
representwlworastimages pretendPlaypreoper learnthroughpretendplay Egocentrism
ational GFS canttakeporofothers vocabblossoms
concrete
operational yr's maintbhattintasiomnffete conservation
objects
Formal hypotheticalproblemsdearie abstractlogic
operational a'Yui 1 15 moralreasoning
roblemsolving
trial anderror
troubleshootingattemptingseveraldiff possiblesolutions selectiveAttention
I g d N
Algorithm
Hepbyapprocedurematemansan possibleoptions 111111114ftoutbottleneckingthe
butguarantees asolutiontimeconsuming
Heuristic
Mentalruleof thumbshortcut orguidelinethatcanbeTriesmanAttenuationmodel
appliedtoproblemsolving cocktailpartyeffect when
Insight youhearyourname your
When WENKE over a problemthenWehave a attentionaromaticallyanf
lightbulbmovement to whosaidyourname
conformationbias notjustnamethingsyou
Weseekevidencetosupport ourownthoughtsopinions careaboutwnatwasthatD
morethanweseekinfoto refutethem
fixation 1 Moredifftasks better
westructured aproblemacertianwayandareunableto 2easiertasksbetter
i iseeitany otherwaydespitebeingstuck
mentalset
Inthepast
functionalfixedness
mentalbiasthatlimitsourperspectiveforhow anobject
canbeusedonnow objectistraditionallyused
AvailabilityHeuristic
Werelyonfirstexamples thatcometomind3overestimate
Probabilitylikelihoodjustbaitcametomindfirst
RepresentativeHeuristic
estimatelikelihoodbycomparingitto anexistingprototype
that alreadyexists inourmindswhatwethinkthe
mostrelevanttypicalexampleis
exsurgeon male
LanguageDevelopment
BenavoristModel
infantslearnlanguagethroughoperantconditioning skinner
Doesntexplainspeedof languagedevelopment ornowwelearn linguisticrules
Chomsky
Humansbornwlinnateabilitytolearnlanguage
welearnlanguagewhenexposedtoitwithina criticalperiod
in absenceof languagechildrenwillform ownformofcommunication
tomeettheirneeds
SapirWhorfhypothesis
languageshapes ANDlimits our cognitioneskimoshavelotsof
wordsforsnow
LanguageProcessing corposeflamsheggfowitrbrain
Frontal lobe
reasoning planningproblemsolving Brainstem
primarymotorcortex ishere RBrainaParietallobe
I ept orchid ilemtilain
somatosensorycortexishere perceptionstages
occipitallobe stimulus Electrochemical
visionprocessing envirstimulus Processing
Temporallobe processstimulus transduction
perceptionsrecognitionofauditorystimulithearinglstingenson transmission
hippocampus processing
memoryconsolidation JrCerebellum Experienced
motormovement action
Brocasaredo perception
usv.inlefthemisphere recognition
language PRODUCTION action
mmmmm
G
toproducewrittenspokenlanguagedisjointed
wordspoorsentencestructure
Knowwhat tosayjustnothowtosayit
Wernickesared
At Junction oftemporaloccipitalBparietallobes leftusu
writtenspokenlanguageCOMPREHENSION
WernickesAphasiacantunderstandlanguagebutcanspeak
perfectlyfine canconnectwordsbutdoesntmakesense
GeneralPsychSocreview
sociologicaltheories
Theory Description level person
Functionalism Partsworktogethertomaintainstability macro Durkheim
dynamicequilibrium
conflict
theory Partsworkagainsteachother in macro Mary
competitionforlimitedresources weber
symbolic
interactionism haircommunicate usingculturally Micro Mead
learnedsymbols
Rationalchoice individualsact based on costbenefit Micro X
Theory
socialexchange individualsactonrewardsbenefits micro X
Theory
Feminism womendeserverightsequaltomen Both X
social
constructionism hairinteractionresultsinsociallyagreed both x
upon constructs
Phenomenon social situation Effecton Behavior
SocialFacilitationPreformingtaskinfrontofothers Better simpletasksworse
COMPLEXtasks
Deindividuation Largegroupdoingarousingactivity lossofindiridentitymobmentality
Bystander
Effect someoneinneedofhelp Morepplpresent eachindiv is
lesslikelytohelp
socialloafing Groupworkingtocompletetask eachindiv.putsinlesseffortthan
iftheywereworkingalone
peerpressure presence of peers pressuretoconformal
Groupthink Groupneedstoreach consensus moreirrationaldysfunctional