3 Rules of Matter:All matter is made of small particles1.Those particles are in constant, random motion2.The motion causes the particles to collide3.Evidence of a chemical change:Release of light1.Change in temperature2.Odor change3.Color change4.Gas/solid appearance5.oooo Isergeants BffingGasEx of a heating curve Notes from FIBNs, Minor Packets, and One-Pagers:Solids vibrate, they don’t move freelySolid: barely any particle motion, some volume, constant shapeLiquid: mid movement, constant volume, changing shapeGas: lotsa movementStars are plasmaBose-Einstein condensates are used for things like lasersState change is PHYSICAL because it only changes shapeTemperature: measure of average kinetic energy of particles in an objectPlasma: 4th form of matter, mostly plasma in the universeBose-Einstein Condensates: Atoms that are cooled to such a low temp. they form a SUPER-ATOMHeat of Fusion: The amount of energy needed to turn a solid to a liquid at melting pointVaporization: the phase/state transition from liquid to gas occurring in evaporation or boilingHeat of Vaporization: the amount of energy needed to turn a liquid to a gas at boiling pointEvaporation: pressure change at the top of a liquidBoiling: temperature change throughout the whole liquidSupersaturated: there is more solute than the solvent can holdSaturated: the solute and solvent merge and the solute dissolves into the solventUnsaturated: when there is too little soluteSolute: the particle dissolving (ex: salt)Solvent: the substance that makes the solute dissolve (ex: water)Solution: when the solute and solvent mix together to form a new substance (ex: salt water)Solubility: how well a substance dissolves into anotherIonic compounds dissolve easily in water because the atoms in the water are quick and efficient because they are polar… the negative water ions watch with the positive ionsin the solute and five versa. They then pull apart and dissolve. Heating and stirring can make this process fo faster (because stirring and beating makes the particles movemore hastily)Alloy: metals dissolved in metalsLaw of Conservation of Matter: Matter is neither created or destroyed in a chemical change… it only changes formsMatter: anything that has massHomogeneous mixtures are chemically combined, while heterogeneous mixtures are physically combinedA compound is two or more elements combined, while a mixture is two or more substances combinedCompound ex: table salt, water, carbon dioxideHeterogeneous mixture ex: milk, veggie soupElement ex: oxygenHomogeneous mixture ex: lemonade, peanut butterMixture: when substances combineSubstance: a particular matterElement: a substance in it’s purest formSeparate: to take apart a mixtureDissolve: when a solute combines with the solvent*use water displacement for an irregularly shaped object. To do water displacement, measure how high the water is, then measure how high the water is with the object in itand subtract the two numbersPhysical properties are ones you can clearly see, like color, but chemical properties are the chemical make-up of that substance so you can’t see themChemical change ex: boiling, evaporating, rusting, rottingPhysical change ex: crumpling, burning, freezing, sawing, crushingMelting point: temperature at which a solid turns into a liquidBoiling point: temperature at which a liquid evaporatesViscosity: how runny a liquid is ( honey has high viscosity and water has low viscosity)Density: how much mass is in an objectCombustibility: how easily something blows upReactivity: how much a substance reacts to a changeOxidation: the removal of hydrogenChemical reaction: when one substance reacts to another chemicallyAtom: the smallest form of a substanceGroup (periodic table): the vertical columns on the periodic table (all elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons)Group names: Group1: alkali metals, Group 2: alkaline earth metals, Group 3: rare earth metals Group 3-12: transition metals, Group 17: Halogens, Group 18: Noble gasesPeriods (periodic table): the horizontal rows on the periodic table (the elements in the same period have the same number of energy levelsMetals: shiny, silvery solids… good conductors of heat and electricity (left of metalloids)Nonmetals: gases or dull, brittle solids… bad conductors of heat and electricity (right of metalloids, with the exception of hydrogen)Metalloids: solids…semi conductors. Physical properties like metals and chemical properties like nonmetalsBohr Model: simple diagrams that show the atomic structure of an atomAtomic mass: the bottom number located at the bottom of the element cellAtomic number: the number at the top of the element cellHow many shells=how many energy levels*Protons and electrons are equal to the atomic number, and to find the neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the atomic massValence electrons: the electrons farthest from the nucleus that travel the fastest
