(Notes) 3: Learning
ASSOCIATIVELEARNING learningtoassociateonestimuluswanother
classicalconditioning
UNIT 3 learningtoassociatearesponsewa
consequenceoperantconditioning
learning
classicalconditioningIdeasofclassicalconditioningoriginatefromoldphilosophicaltheories
HoweverItwastheRussianpsychologistIvanPavlovwhoelucidatedclassical
conditioningHisworkprovidedabasisforlaterbehavioristslikeJohnWatson
Gstudiedthedigestionofdogs
dogswouldsalivatebeforetheyweregivenfoodtriggeredbysoundslightsetc
dogsmusthavelearnedhowtosalivate
Pavlov'sExperiments
duringconditioningtheneutralstimulustoneandtheUSfoodare
pairedresultinginsalivationURAfterconditioningtheneutralstimulus
nowconditionedStimulusUS elicitssalivationnowconditionedResponseCk
TheconditionedstimulusCSneedstocomehalfasecond
ishe unconammeasamauscussaracanismm tooccur foreverthemomentCS
Theinitiallearningstageinclassicalconditioninginwhichan
associationbetweenaneutralstimulus anunconditional US extinction
stimulustakesplace
Thisispassivelearningautomatic learnerdoesnothavetothink odelayedconditioning presentCS
Firstthingyouneedisaunconditionalrelationship whileCsisstilltherepresentUcs
UnconditionalStimulus somethingthatelicitsanaturalreflexiveresponse Dtraceconditioning presentCS
unconditionalResponse responsetotheUS shortbreakthenpresentUcs
afterawhilethebodybeginstolinktogethertheneutralstimuluswtheUS osimultaneousconditioning CSa
theneutralstimulus conditionedstimulusCs Ucsarepresentedatthesametime
theunconditionalresponse conditionedresponse 0Backwardconditioning Ucsis
SpontaneousRecovery presentedthenCSispresented
SometimesafterextinctiontheCRstillrandomly
appearsafterCSispresented
AfterarestperiodanextinguishedCRsalivation
spontaneouslyrecoversbutiftheCstonepersistsalone
theCRbecomesextinctagain
stimulus generalization stimulusdiscrimination
tendencytorespondtostimulisimilartothecs discriminationisthelearnedabilitytodistinguishbetween
Pavlovconditionedthedog'ssalivationerbyusing aconditionedstimulusaotherstimulithatdonotsignalan
miniaturevibratorsesonthethighWhennesub unconditionedstimulus
Sequentlystimulatedotherpartsofthedog'sbody somethingissodifferenttothecssoyoudonotgetacR
salvationdropped
Somethingissosimilartothecsthatyougeter
Earlybehavioristsbelievedthatearnedbehaviors
ofanimalscould PavlovandWatsonconsideredconscious
bereducedtomindlessmechanisms nessormindunfitforthescientificstudyof
iii mm
Laterbehavioristssuggestedthatanimalslearnthepredictabilityofa psychologyHowevertheyunderestimatedthe
importanceofcognitiveprocessesandbiostimulus meaningtheylearnexpectancyorawarenessofastmums
logicalrestraints
Pavlovandwatsonbellevedthatlawsoflearningweresimilarforall
animalsTherefore apigeonandapersondonotdifferintheirlearning However
behavioristslatersuggestedthatlearningisconstrained
byananimal'sbiology parlor'sgreatest
contributiontopsychologyisgarotaandkoelling
experiment isolatingelementarybehaviors
studiedratsandnowtheymakeassociations frommorecomplexones
someassociationsseemtobeadaptive throughobjectivescientific
Cs Ucs Learnedresponse procedures
loudnoise shock fear
loudnoise radiationnausea nothing
Sweetwater shock nothing
Sweetwater radiationnausea avoidwater
Garciasnowedusthatthedurationbetweenthecsandtheusmaybe
longhoursbutyetresultinconditioningAbiologicallyadaptiveCsctaste
ledtoconditioningbutotherstimulicsightorsoundldidnot
Gevenhumanscandevelopclassicallytoconditioned nausea
ApplicationsofClassicalconditioning
1 Formercrackcocaineusersshouldavoidcuespeopleplaces
associatedwpreviousdruguse
2 Throughclassicalconditioningadrugplusitstastethataffects
theimmuneresponsemaycausethetasteofthedrugtoinvokethe
Immuneresponse
ClassicalconditioningandHumans
JohnWatsonbroughtclassicalconditioningtopsychologywhisBabyAlbert
experimentThistypeofclassicalconditioningisalsoknownasaversiveconditioning
Watsonusedclassicalconditioningprocedurestodevelopadvertisingcampaignsfora
numberoforganizationsincludingMaxwellHousemakingthecoffeebreakan
Americancustom
OPERANTCONDITIONING thelearningisbasedon consequence
thelawofeffect
EdwardThorndike
In g
behaviorchangesbleofitsconsequence
rewardsstrengthenbehavior
IfconsequencesareunpleasanttheStimulusReward
connection
willweaken
calledtheentireprocessinstrumentallearning
B F Skinner
ThemacDaddyofOpperantconditioning
Believed
innurtureinthenaturevsnurturedebate
UsedaskinnerBoxtoprovehisconcepts
achamberusedtostudyanimalbehavior
carefullydesignedtoemita ofconsequences
fromthebehaviorsoftheanimalscontained
Reinforcers
Areinforcerisanythingthatincreasesabehavior
positivereinforcement theadditionofsomethingpleasent
negativereinforcement theremovalofsomethingunpleasant
2typesofNR
oescapelearning
oavoidancelearning
gettingkickedoutofclassuscuttingclass
Punishment
meanstodecreaseabehavior
positivepunishment additionofsomethingunpleasant reinforcement
negativepunishmentomissiontraining removalofsomethingpleasant refs
punishmentworksbestwhenitisimmediatelydoneafterbehavior
andifitisharsh bothavoidingabadgrade
anaversiveeventthatdecreasesthebehavioritfollows andorgettingagoodgrade
negativereinforcement cesqnnfoegqmn.gg Effreement
avoidancelearning
Althoughtheremaybesomejustificationforoccasionalpunishment
Larzelaere Baumrind2002 itusuallyleadstonegativeeffects
1 resultsinunwantedfears
2 conveysnoinfototheorganism
3 justifiespaintoothers
4 causesunwantedbehaviorstoreappearinitsabsence
5causesaggressiontowardtheagent
6causesoneunwantedbehaviortoappearinplaceofanother
chainingbehaviors subjectsaretaughtanumberofresponses
successivelyinordertogetareward
PrimaryusSecondaryReinforcers
primaryreinforcersthingsthatarerewardingwinthemselves
secondaryreinforcers thingswehavelearned
tovalue
LEXmoneyisaspecialsecondaryreinforcercalleda
generalizedreinforcer
bleitcanbetradedforjustaboutanything
TokenEconomy PremackPrinciple
everytimeadesiredbehaviorisperformediatokenisgiven youhavetotakeintoconsideration
the
theycantradetokensinforavarietyofprizes reinforcers reinforcersused
Used
inhomesprisonsmentalinstitutionsandschools Isthereinforcerwanted oratleastisit
morepreferablethanthetargetedbehavior
Reinforcementschedules
Howoftendoyougivethereinforcer
Everytimeorjustsometimesyouseethebehavior
patioschedulesContinuousvsPartialReinforcement
reinforcethebehaviorOreinforcethebehavior FixedRatio VariableRatio
EVERYTIMEthebehavior onlySOMEofthetimes oprovidesareinforcementafter
aSET ofresponses
Providesareinforcement
isexhibited Hisexhibited afteraRANDOM of
responses
thesubjectsfirst OButismoreresistanttoextinction overyhardtoget
learningtomakethe 04typesofpartialreinforcement acquisitionbutalso
association veryresistantto
acquisitionand
schedules
extinction
extinctioncomereally
Intervalschedules Fixedusvariable
Fixed requiresasetamountoftimetoelapsebeforegivingreinforcement
Variablerequiresarandomamountoftimetoelapse
cognition operantconditioning
Evidenceofcognitiveprocessesduringoperantlearningcomesfromrats
duringamazeexplorationinwhichtheynavigatethemazewithan
obviousrewardRatsseemtodevelopcognitivemaps ormentalrepresentations
ofthelayoutofthemazeenvironment
q
whenanincentiveisgivenTolman Honzik1930
EdwardToleman
d
3ratexperiment
latent hidden