theproduction ofgametes geneticvariation diversitydiploid 4 haploidcellswith a completesetofchromosomescreatesgeneticdiversityby 1 crossingover2 independantassortmentprophase1 synapsissiteon whencrossingferricrecombination ProphaseII sameasmitosisprophasedegenerationofnuclearmembraneenvelope nucleoluscrossing occursbetweennonsisterchromatidsEma spindlefibresformgenetic synapsisdiversity a metaphase I chromosomealigninmiddleofcellanitasmataIIE attachto spindlescondensingofchromosomesnuclearenvelopebreaksdown dcentrioismovetopolesformationofspindlefibers chromosomalsegregation oppositepolesspindlefiberscontractmetaphase 1gtetradslineuponequatorialplateorderisrandomtelophase chromosomesarriveat poles assinglechromatidsgenetict I I independentassortmentgeneticdiversity a haploidnucleiareformedcentromeresorchromosomesattaintospindlesresultsina nonidenticalhaploiddaughtercensIjnconemomonedad theproductsof meiosis I duetoI separateintotetradsare gametes sperm iscrossingover piarandomassortmentofhomologousmeresgift sisterchromatidsremain chromosomesandspindlefiberscontractnomologuspairmigratetopolesToranahaploidformationofnewnuclearmembranesacytokinesisi formationof ageneticallydifferentdaughter cellseachcellhashalfthenumberofchromosomesthentheparentcellnadHaploidcellsproceed tomeiosisanondisjunction failtoseparate inanaphase112resultsin aneuploidywith anabnormaloneextra numberofchromosomeseg triosomaopioid normalchromosomemonosomymissingone chromosomecells willoften notsurvivemostzygotes exception triosomy21 downsyndromePolyploidy additional homologous setsof chromosomes in a normallydiploidorganismcell triploid3h tetraploidancommon inplantsdueto isextraroundof Dnareplication beforemeiosisa lackofspindleformation in meiosis prophasenaturalofunnaturaleg seedlesswatermelon triploidchromosomalrearrangements bigchunks of chromosomes affected4 typesiscopiedandagaindeletion 3 inversionpartofchromosome partofchromosome partofchromosomeisremoved isflippedgoodorbadcodeis acodeisnowgoneI changedchangesnowgeneisread4 translocationrecipnicaduringcrossingoverwhennonhomologouschromosomescrossovernonrecipricalnew I newswappingbetweentwo notmutualtranslocationchromosomes isonechunkfroma chromosomemovestoanothernewnonhomologousseverityof rearrangement depends on how wellgeneisreadwhereitoccurredtwoways1 necrosis themessywaywhy cell is damagedbyharmful factorsor starved gingutrients e.g injury toxicchemicals Kemalradiationnow membrane control passage ofionswatercell will swellup burstresults contents will be leakedthroughholes in membrane intoextracellular enviornmentcausesinflamationin tissue2 apoptosis cleanwaywhy internalsignals cell is notneeded olddamaged DNAnow cell willdetachfromneighborsmcell shrinks and developesmembranouslobeswill breakinto cellfragments with help of activated caspaseDna in nucleus is hydrolysized cut into fragmentslivingcells use phagocytosis todigestdeadcelllysosomedigests and some is digestingrecycledplant apoptosis is used as a hypersensitive response to protect themselves fromspreading diseasespartsdigested in vacuoledue tocellwall