(Notes) Unit 6.1: Emotions
v 6
mmmm EMMOTIONS
Stress psychologicalstatescausephysicalillness anycircumstance realorperceived that
thestress threatensaperson'swellbeing
responsesystem
Iwhenwefeelseverestressourabilitytocopewhtisimpaired
cannon 19297proposedthatthestressresponse fastwasafight or flight
responsemarkedbytheoutpouringofepinephrineandnorepinephrinefromthe
adrenalglands intheendocrinesystem increasingheartarespirationrates
mobilizingsugarafatanddullingpain
behavioral
medicine
Integratesbehavioralknowledgewmedicalknowledge
ledmind bodyinteracteverythingpsycho
logicalissimultaneously physiological
stresscanbeadaptive inafearfulstressfulsituation
wecanrunawayandsaveourlives
stresscanbemaladaptive ifitisprolonged chronic
stressitincreasesourriskofillness healthproblems
generaladaptive accordingtoselye 1936 astressresponsetoany
syndrome kindofstimulationissimilarThestressedindividual
goesthru3phases
phase1 alarmreaction mobilizeresources
phase2 resistance copewstressor
phase3 exhaustion reservesdepleted o'sYing's'estienaustens
bn'tlast
catharsis ventingangerthroughactionfantasy
hypothesis achievesanemotionalreleasecatharsis
expressingangerbreedsmoreanger t
thrureinforcement habitforming
so.ci
alcognitive internallocusoncontrol
theoriesonpersonality externallocusoncontrol
externallocusofcontrolcanleadtoalearnedstateoflearnedhelplessnessunabletoavoidrepeatedadverseeventsan
personalcontrol whetherwecontroltheenvironmentortheenvironmentagingsYan
learnshelplessness
o referstotheperceptionthatchanceoutsideforcesbeyondourfate
s referstotheperceptionthatwecancontrolourfate
theoriesof wouldyoulikenevertobesadagain
emotionwhatis dowesmileblewe'rehappy orarewehappyblewesmile
anemotion definedpostnegfeelingsaroused
bystimuliintheenvironment
functionenrichlifeincreasereadinessforfightflight
emotionsareamixof
1 physiologicalactivation
2 expressivebehaviorsand
3 consciousexperience
commonsense whenyoubecomehappyyourheartstartsbeatingfaster
view firstcomesconsciousawarenessthencomesphysiologicalactivity
JamesLangeStatesthatpsychologicalarousalprecedes comesb4 andcausesthe
sensationofemotion
emotion
2theorists
4WilliamJames CarlLangeproposedthisideawhichdirectlyopposed
thecommon senseview
simpletermswefeelemotion bcofbiologicalchangescaused
bystress
thebodychangesandourmindrecognizesthefeeling
CannonBardstatesthatphysiologicalarousal emotionalfeelingsoccur
simultaneous
GWalterCannon PhillipBardquestionedtheJamesLangetheory
howcanthat Jaltheorybetrueifsimilar
physiologicalchangescorrespondwdrastically
differentemotionalStates
theybelieveditwasthethalamusthathelpedthishappen
Schacter singerstatesthatemotionbeginsw anundifferentiatedarousalthatwe
interpretintoanemotiondependentontheperceivedcontext
StanleySchactersuggestedourphysiology acognition emotions
Ifeltthattheyhappenatthesametimebutpeoplewhoarealready
physiologicallyarousedexperiencemoreintenseemotionsthan
unarousedpplwhenbothgroupsareexposedtothesamestimuli
2MisattributionofArousalstudies Dutton Aron1974supports
2biology cognitioninteractw eachothertoincreasethe
experience
Schacter a singer'sResearch
1 participantsgivenaninjectionofepinephrine adrenaline
toldthattheyweregiven suproxin fortheireyesight
typicallyBP HRincreaseBFincreaseswhile
muscleandcerebralflowincreasebloodsugarand
lacticacidconcentrationincreasesandrespiration
rateincreasesslightlyshortlyafterinjection
adrenaline
2 Schacter asingerthenmanipulatedtheparticipants
givingthemcueswhichplacedthemon 1of3groups
epinephrine
epinephrineignorable
purinemisinformed
FacialFeedbackHypothesis focusesonexpressivecomponentofemotions sensory
inputisroutedtosubcorticalareaofthebrainthatactivatesfacialmovements
whichtheninitiate intensifyemotions
Misattribution l maleparticipantswalkacross 2diffstylebridges onebridgewasascary arousing
ofArousalstudies suspensionbridgetheotherwassafea morestable
DuttonAron1974 a attheendofeachbridgeanattractiveexperimentermettheparticipantsshe
gavetheparticipants asurveytofillouta a tocallforfurtherquestions
3 theideaofthestudywastofindwhichgroupofmalesweremorelikelyto
callthefemaleexperimenter
theresultsfoundthatthemenwhowalkedacrossthescarybridge
weremostlikelytocallthewomanaskingforadateThiswasmost
likelyduetothearousaltheyfeltfromwalkingacrossthebridge
embodied
emotion
emotionsinvolvebodilyresponses
2noticeable butterfliesinstomach
difficulttodiscern neuronsactivatedinbrain
Penny
atcom AutonomicnervoussystemActivation
ponentsof Zsomedifferencesinactivationarenotedwspecificemotions
Lexfearshowslowerbloodpressure angershowsincreases
cardiovascularchanges
mindfulnessmeditationtrainingshiftsfrontallobeactivitytoward
aleftsidedasymmetrywhichincreasesenergy aboostsimmune
function
polygraphanelectronicdevicethatmeasuresphysiologicalactivationthat
somebelievearerelatedtodeception
duringanemotionalexperience ourAnismobilizesenergyinthebodythatarousesus
resultinginreducedimmunesystemfunctioning
arousalaperformance
arousalinshortspurtsis
adaptiveWeperformbetter
undermoderatearousalbut
optimalperformancevaries
wtaskdifficulty
physiological physiologicalresponsesrelatedto
similarities theemotionsoffearangerloveand
boredomareverysimilar
differences physicalresponses likefingertemp
andmovementoffacialmuscles
changeduringfearrage joyZtheamydalashowsdifferencesin
activationduringtheemotions
of
angerrageActivityoftheleft
hemispherehappyisdifferent
fromtherightdepressedfor
emotions
Beck'sModelofDepression1979
ThecognitiveThadcognityannd whatistheconnectionbetweenhowwe
qq.gg
think cognition andhowwefeelemotion
ourthinking
mmmm
amedangeouremotusby hanging
my
defineemotion
Zanarousalresponsetoone
eventspillsoverintoour
responsetothenextevent
ie arousalfromasoccermatchcan
oftneworld
negativeviewof
fuelangerwhichmayleadtorioting thefuture
cognitiondoes
cedeemotion
subliminallypresentedhappyface
notalwayspre canencouragesubjectstodrinkmorethan
whenpresentedwlanangryface emotionsarefeltdirectlythroughtheamydalaorthru
thecortexforanalysis
tworoutesto
emotion
ZajoncandLeDouxemphasizethatsomeemotionsareimmediate woconsciousappraisa
LazarusSchacterandsingeremphasizethatappraisalalsodeterminesemotions
theexpression
of facialexpression facialexpressionsofvariousbasicemotionsareuniversal angerdisgust
emotions happinessfearsurprisesadness
bodylanguage movementsgestures le thumbsup OK
toneofvoicerateofspeech
pitchofvoiceincreaseswhenexperiencedemotionincreases
detecting
emotion
mostofusaregoodatdecipheringemotionsthrunonverbalcommunication
hardtocontrolfacialmusclesreveal signsofemotionsyouaretryingtoconceal
PaulEllman's
basicemotions ANGER HAPPINESS DISGUST
SURPRISE SADNESS FEAR
experiencing
emotion
facialfeedbackhypothesis Statesthatfeedbackfromfacialmusclesaffectsour
experiencedemotion
genderdifferences
Awomenreportexperiencingmoreemotionthanmen
orwomenaremorecomfortableexperiencingemotionthanmen
Izard 1977 isolated10emotions mostofthemarepresentininfancyexcept
forcontemptshame guilt
positivepsych attemptstofosterhumanfulfillmentandseekspositivesubjectivewellbeing
positivecharacterandpositivesocialgroups