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11-1 Animal Definition p.374
The variety of life within in Animal Kingdom is huge: fleas and mites to whales and everything in
between
Zoology—the branch of biology that studies animals
—> entomology— study of insects
—> ichthyology— study of fishes
—> ornithology— study of birds
—> herpetology— study of reptiles/amphibians
—> mammalogy— study of mammals
—> malacology— study of mollusk
—> carcinology— study of crustaceans
—> helminthology— study of “worms”
***characteristics all animals share
animals are multicellular and cells are arranged into tissues that perform specific function1.
2. Animal cells are eukaryotic: have a nucleus s and various other organelles
3. Animals must rely on other organisms for food (consumers)
4. Animals digest their food so that proteins, “carbs”, and fats are broken down into small enough
molecules for the cell to use
5. Most animals are mobile; those that aren’t have adaptions that allow them to feed, reproduce,
and protect themselves while in place
6. Animals are capable of sexual reproduction (offspring with “mixed” DNA) and some can also
reproduce asexually
How animals meet needs
Adaptations—any structure, process, or behavior that helps an organism survival in its environment
—> adaptations are inherited, and as environment change, so do the adaptations that are
beneficial
Adaptations include can can be a “blend” of:
Obtaining energy
Physical (body)
Predator
Behavioral
Obtaining energy
Animals have meaning of objecting, eating, and digesting different foods
—> animals are either:
Herbivores—plant eaters
Carnivores—animals eaters
Omnivore—plant AND animals eaters
Derivers—tiny bits of de saying matter
Animals dentition—the arrangement and condition of the teeth do an individual, is an adaption to
what the species eat (p.430)
—> herbivores molars are hard and flat for grinding, carnivore teeth are sharp and jagged for
puncturing, cutting, and shredding
Animals usually have an Alimentary canal—which is the pathway food enters the body, is digested,
and leaves the body (p.432)
—> herbivores AC’s are typically longer than carnivores’ because it takes the body longer to
break down cellulose in plant cell walls
Physical adaptations
Physical adaptations have to do with an animals body and the animals protection because of its:
—> size (being large means less attack: think moose and hippos)
—> outer coverings such as shells or quills (porcupine needles)
—> mimicry—an adaptation in which one animal closely resembles another in
……………………appearance or behavior (think flies with yellow?black bands on thorax like bees)
camouflage—any marking or colorings that helps animals hide from others (almost always has to do
with being unrecognizable in surroundings)
Predator Adaptations enable an animal to more easily capture its prey, usually as a surprise or with
minimal detection
camouflage and coloration (tiger stripes, killer whales)
”stalking” and chasing: being able to move in close while undetected, endurance for chases
heightens senses: eagle eyes, sharks’ smell, coyote hearing
Behavioral Adaptations have to do with what an animal does to survive...Examples:
chemicals: skunk spray, octopus ink
speed: ability to outrun predators
herds and packs: helps prey against predators AND predators against prey...
Many animals are adapted to their environment via a “blend” of these categories. Example:spinners
weave webs (behavioral) to capture food (predator) “obtaining energy” adaptations.....
Animal Classification p.393
Animals are classified(grouped) based on similarities in features and characteristics
Chordates are animals with spinal chordsbundle of nerve that is connected to the Braun and
carries messages to all parts of the body
Vertebrates—animals with backbones
—>backbones are made up of stacked “vertebrae” that support the animals and protects the
spinal chord
Invertebrates—animal without backbones
—>make up 95-97% of known animal species
Another characteristic scientist look at for animals is symmetry, or how the animal’s body part are
arranged (how it’s shaped) p.377:
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