inkedgenes geneswhichareinheritedtogethersincetheyareclosetogetheronthesamechromosome usuallycanonlybepasseddownmaternanarrestedmalesmay gomitochondriamacarena winexhibittraitnot azoozoomotherswintransmita mitochondrialdisordersgenesaandBwi Jangenes onsexchromosomesgenes innotsoreindependently gene arelinkedandcodefor eggee sperm some mangasexlinkedtraitsmomnoooolinkedgenesmaysortindependently if recombinationoccursduring maternalmitochon nuclearana ifmotherhasariasnonnudeAna 1anmutantmitochondria anchildrenaffectedsynapsis asomemutantmitochondria childrenmaybearearenowunlinkedII maBagenesAandBmapdistance chancegeneantss earmitochondria natogametessincespermsmitochondria degnon.tt1ffjjjjjexampleorrecessiveaetnayellowmouseamapunit anrecombinationfrequencyIsonrecombinationfrequencyforlinkedgenes deathisonlyoneaverispresent heterozygouswinotsurviveesdonotcauseenit e.gnuntingtonsdiseaseoftotalprogenytsonpig j homozygousa'amicenosewinalethalallelecanif producesstrangephenotypicratiomentionepistasiswhenmultiplegenesinteracttodetermineme phenotype onegenemodifiestheexpressionofanothergeneexampletwogenes B e determinesenatorinLabradorsgene a pigmentpresence E yesdeposition e nodeposition yellowhairsgeneaCeeoree geneaceeoreegeneacaborBbs blackhaircaominant blackdos geneaebb brownhairrecessive obrowndogayellowdogayellowdoggenea eegene eesincegenea pigmentpresencescodes fortheinhibitionofgenes pigmentcolours it isepestaticto geneapolygenicinheritance manypossiblephenotypesdueto interactionsamongmanygenessinceeachgenehasa smalleffectontraitevolutionvariationphenotypicspectrumvariationoccursinphenotypedepends onhowmanyinteractingareinheritedexampleskincolourisdominantusrecessivealleles apolygenictraitasitinvolvesinteractionsbetweenmanyallelesTyrecessiveaeestominationorarstydominantaleresphenotypicplasticityindividualswiththesamegenotypeexhibitdifferentphenotypes invariousenviornmentsinfluenceexamplesiamesecatsandrabbits typesofeffectsofgenesandenviornment onphenotype thelowtemperatureg g nallowsexpressionofblackcoatgeneonearsitainreetcomparenamenamepenancenighbodytempsurpresses 2 variableexpressivityseverityofphenotypeexpressedvariesinsamegenotypetheexpressionofblacknarrowexpression maneexpressioncompletedominace in heterozygous organisms phenotypewillbean intermediategorbothalleles expressedinphenotypeexamplebrownfurrabbit exampleblackwhitefeatheredchickensrna abra Érea white whiteor mustusesamecapitalletterininsuricientproteinproductioninnaancausesbrownintermediate codominancebrown as chickenisbornwhiteandblackblackwhite feathered