The Great DepressioniGreatdepressionaicauses Ioctza lazaIaitarisesandwardebtpoliciesthatcutdowntheforeignmarketforamericangoodsblacrisisinthefarmsectoratheavailabilityforeasycreditasanunequaldistributionofincomeBretteats ii ifactsaninnbusinessesfailedbiisminionunemployedJaicitiesasshantytownsslumsbisoupkitchenscbreadlinesruralasaustboniclassnasobeganwithaseveredroughtinlazo'sbresultsauststormsainumanasminoritieshighestunemploymentratemexicanamericanswereeitherdeportedorleftvoluntarilyinthelasso'sbifaminesstrengthenedfamilytiesnightsspentplayingboardgamesandlisteningtotheradioincreasedsomefamilytensionscmenzooooohoboes wanderedthecountrylookingforworkaswomenandchildrenforcedtoworktoprovideforfaminessomeschoolsclosedchildlaborincreasedwildboysthousandsofteenageboys someairis lefthomelookingforworkandadventureeemotionalhealtha a as suicideratesincreasedbysonfamineshelpedeachotheradevelopedhabitsofsavingandthriftinesscHoover'sinitialresponseasurgeanamericanstoremaincalm optimisticbonnyindepressionsarecommonandtheeconomywintixitself5so1citostercooperationbtwbusinessbanningandlabortofindsolutionsatresultsineconomybeginstoshrink aunemploymentcontinuestorisedemocratsgaincontrolofthenouseinmidtermelectionsofasouHooverisseenascoa nearnessnooverismsaishantytownsHoovervinesbinewspaperusedascoveringHooverblanketsafoodservedatsoupatenensnooverstewasemptypocketsturnedinsideouttosnowpovertyHoovertageiHoovertakesmoreactioni imovestowardmoredirectinvolvementanegotiatedagreementsamongprivateenterprisesasfederalfarmboardbinationalcreditcorporationssomedirectinvolvementbeforetheelectionofiasaiteaeranomeloanbankactbreconstructionfinancecorporationtrickledownapproachauthorizea sizbinionforemergencyfinancingforbankslifeinsurancecompaniesrailroadsandotherbigbusinessabonusarmyinnosooooun vetstheirfamiliesmaventowashingtonbeasupporttheratmanactasactwantedtogivethevetstheirbonusearlierthan ians3itheactwasresected mostwenthomeaaboutzoooremainedintheparkinD.casHooveroraersaeneraDougasmacarthurandDwightiseisenhowertousetroopstoremovethemasusingteargastheydispersedthecrowdbimanywereinureaamonthora aiesciamericanswerestunned outragedatHoovernownadnonopeofbeingreelectediniasiinewdealairoosaveitismantoneipalleviatetheproblemsofthegreatdepressionBtiresaechatsanear'sradiochatsaboutissuesofconcerncicreatedbyBraintrustainanaplaceaprofessorsianersandjournalistsbisgeneralgoalsareneearecovery3ifinancialreformfirsttoodaysimarena sunenoa33aimorethanismaorpiecesoflegislationpassedbesignificantlyexpandedtheamericangovernmentsmeanewdealprograms youngmen veryconservationwork relief nosinglenonaesobsinunemployedlass farmers reducecropsincreaseprice recovery littlestmcicaonnbys.c.no1933 factoryworkers teaera.govsavemoneyrecovery little noconstructionjobs struckaownbusicmtass banksaepositers insuresbanicaeposits reformuptosisooo very yes1933 unemployedwomen subinionspentbygou relief no noyoungpeople to Ie inonsonsminoritiesretirees pensionforretired renee somewhat yesworkers1935 investorsin thestock regulatethestock reform yes yesmarket marketeliminatedishonestpracticeslazy peopleinthetennesseecontroitiooasby recovery very yesraney creationotaamsprovideelectricity1933 homeowners ioninterestmortgagesrecovery very yeslazy anoppositiontothenewseaadeficitspendingisspendingmorethanyouhaveacentraltenetofkeynesianeconomics3in rsawit as anecessaryen thenewdealdidnotbisupremecourtisstruckdownthenieaclassandtheaaaaasoa courtpackingbillabintoaddanewsupremecourtjusticesbillwasstruckdownandunnecessaryeorwouldappoint newjusticesinthenextuyearsane toresignationsasecondnunareadaysainnisiseconomyhadonlyimproveaslightlyaunemploymentwasstillnigh3onewasstillatprelazosieveisgrossdomesticproducttotalvalueofgasmadein ayearviwwaaitheriseoftotalitarianismasgovernmenttriestoexertcompletecontroloveritscitizensbiinamanaishavenorightsc anoppositionissupressedbyavarietyofmeansagovernmentisteabyadictatorwhohasruncontrolofthemilitaryBlitanyBenitomussoliniasestablishedfascistpartyliarisbistressednationalismandtheinterestsofthestateoverthemaniauaapowermustrestinasinglestrongleader a smallgroupofroyalpartymembersasanticommunisteinoncemeafromiazz iansarussiasoseenstarin G. Opposition to the New Deala) Deficit Spending-spending more than what you have-central tenet of Keynesian Economics (temporary-FDR saw it as a necessary evilb) Supreme Court-struck down the NIRA (1935) and the AAA (1936)-“Court-Packing Bill”: a bill to add 6 new Supreme Court Justices-bill was struck down and unnecessary-FDR would appoint 7 new new justices in the next 4 years due to resignations3. Second New Deal (1935-1936)H. Second 100 days-Why?-economy had only improved slightly-unemployment was still high-GDP (gross domestic product) was still at pre 1920’s levels4. World War IIA. Rise of Totalitarianism-government tries to exert complete control over its citizens-idea that individual has no rights; only the rights the government gives them-all opposition is suppressed by a variety of means-government is led by a dictator who has full control of the military1. Italy: Benito Mussolini-established Fascist Party (1921)-stresses nationalism and the interests of the state over the individual-going to convince the Italian people that power must rest in a single string leader and a smallgroup of loyal party members-anticommunists-“II Duce” ruled from 1922-19432. Russia: Joseph Stalin-became leader in 1924 after the death of Lenin-transformed Russia into a great industrial nation-human cost was between 8-13 million people-many more died of starvation-by 1939 Russia was a complete totalitarian state3. Germany: Adolf Hitler-head of the Nazi Party-Nazism was another form of facism-appointed chancellor (Prime Minister) in 1933-dismantled the Weimar Republic and replaced it with the Third Reich-anticommunist4. Japan: Hideki Tojo-Prime Minister in 1941-Emperor Hirohito becomes a powerless figurehead-also head of the military-wanted more land and resources B. Roosevelt Verses Congress-Roosevelt: -Congress:-cautiously reaches out to the world -Isolationists-recognize the Soviet Union in 1933 -Neutrality Act-Good Neighbor Policy -outlawed sales or loans to nations at war-withdrew troops form Latin America and involved in a civil war-Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act-more power to negotiate trade dealsand lower tariffsC. Steps to War1) “Cash and Carry” Policy (1939)-revision of the Neutrality Acts-allowed nations at war to buy U.S. arms in cash only and to transport goods in their own ships-passed after 6 weeks of debate in Congress-over 580,000 rifles and machine guns and over 50 old destroyers would be provided to G.B.2) Triparte Act (1940)-mutual defense treaty between Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis Powers)-a war on one meant war on all-this would mean a two-ocean war!3) Getting defensive (1940)-Congress increases defense spending-Selective Training and Service Act:-first peacetime military draft-one year service in the Western Hemisphere4) Lend Lease Plan (March 1941)-Britain simply had no more money-FDR proposed a new idea:-U.S. would lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital tothe United States”-isolationists tried to defeat this bill but most Americans are in favor-under this plan we would also provide aid to Russia after it was invaded by Hitler5) Atlantic Charter (August 1941)-FDR and Churchill meet secretly aboard the USS Augusta-both countries make pledges that will become the basis for the war aims for the Allies-FDR does not pledge military support-this begins an undeclared naval war with Germany in 1941-Senate repeals an act that banned the arming of merchant ships6) Final Step (December 7, 1941)-Japan attacks the US at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii-in two hours:-2,403 Americans were killed-300 aircraft were badly damaged or destroyed-21 ships are sunk or damaged-December 8th: Congress declares war on Japan-December 11th: Germany and Italy declare war on US-isolationism is dead and war has begunD. American Reaction-Executive Order 9066 (Feb. 19, 1942) -led to the forced relocation of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the WestCoast (thought they could be potential spies)-about 2/3rds were American born-could be arrested or fined if they didn’t go
