U.S SoutheastAsia Relations19501975IdealismGivesWaytoRealitynationalidentities GchallengesfollowingindependenceafterIndependence assertionofautonomyneveroneversionofthe CONTEXTnationalistsvisionInIndonesiamultiple currents throwback BandungREMEMBER secularIslamic Conference decolonizationselfdetermination economicunderdevelopment stagnationnotraining selfdeterminationisthepeople'srightto orhandoffbeindependentandgovern competingideologies pooreconconditions Todaywhatledtothemselves Unrest Insurgencies decolonizationregimechangeaneraofindependencenotehowsomecountriesobtainedindependencepeacefullywhileotherswererevolutionaryorviolentregimechange 1965 PhillipInes1967 Indonesia1970 CambodiaMacapagalwasn'tantiUSbutrelationswerestartingtosourunderhim liehechangedphillipines PhilIndependenceDayfromJuly4toJune12 inlinew the1898DeclarationofIndependenceoftheMalolosRepublicUnderMarcos US militaryspendingAeconomicinvestmentboomedBythe1960s SukarnooneofthehostsoftheBandungConferencewasamajorIndonesia 7 antagonistoftheU.SGeneralSuhartowasverypro US similarpatternsasMarcosoncehetookpowerCambodia SihanoukhaddeclaredtheKingdom ofCambodianeutralduringtheCWLonNoldrewclosetotheU.S SVietnamTheKhmerRougethenoverthrewLonNolandin1976 establishedDemocraticKampuchea asocialistagarianutopianstateproU.s anticommunistauthoritarianU.SForeignPolicyin TheEisenhowerAdministration WarSubversion InstillingtheAmericanwaySoutheastAsia 1953 PresidentEisenhowerestablishestheUnitedStatesinfoAgencyUSIAtimeline 1954 USSupportsFrenchInFirstIndochineseWar C g w p n L1957 EisenhoweradminattemptstooverthrowIndonesiangov'tTheKennedyJohnsonAdministrations NewChallengesDeepenedHostilities19611963U.SSpecialforcestroopsandmilitaryadvisorssenttotrainVietnameseArmyNov221963PresidentKennedyisassassinated19654Sukarnodeclares gotohellwithyouraid196 Anticommunistpolltradecarriedoutwknowledge supportofU.SofficialsinWashington Indonesia1965 OperationRollingThunder Americanization oftheSecondIndochineseWar1968 ORTendsTheNixon FordAdministrations CombatingCommunism allCosts1969 RichardNixontakesoffice vowstoacheivepeacewhorror inVietnamMar1969May1970 USconductscovert OperationMenubombingsinLaosCambodia19701974PresidentNixonpursuesapolicyofVietnamizationApril30,1975TheFallofSaigonDec7 1975 US greenlightsI'saninvasionofETimorAnUneasyBalanceOfPowerSukarnoThePKI TheArmySukarnoguideddemocracy1960 declaredhimselfpresidentforlifearguedto aquiescetohiminordertosurvivePKI theArmy anti communismpro Us b ctrainedbytheU.SSukarno puppetmaster manipulatesbothbutnottenable declaresNASAKOMNationalismIslamCommunistsTheIndonesian Bytheearly19605 thePKIwastheworld'slargestnonrulingcommunistpartyCommunistParty ThepartyhadaPKI youthwing FOCUSONwomen'swing owhydidtheu.sbecomeconcernedlaborunion aboutIndonesiaaPKIPKI campaignsincluded 0PKIwashighlyorganizedpoliticsonthestreetnottheballotboxunilaterallandseizures aKsisepihak op couldtapintosomanypeoplewhichanti imperialistrallies campaigns meantSukarnowasinterestedinthemoFifthforcealternativetothearmy p p r f armingthepeopleAPretextforMass OctI 1965 agroupcallingitselfthe September30thMoveMurder merit or6305kidnapped killed6generalswhoallegedlywereplottingacoupagainstSukarnoThemovementmarkedtheendofSukarno'spresidencySuharto'srisetopowermanyaspectsofGzosremainamysterytohistorians whowasbehindit TotowhatextentwastheCommunistPartyinvolved DidSuhartoknowaboutit DidSukarnoknowanythingaboutitU.SIndonesia U.SsupportforIndonesianIndependencein1940sturnedtosubversioninlate1950sRelations 1957CIAattemptedtooverthrowSukarno sentapilotwhocrashed jailedbyIndonesiaRelationshipworsenedaround1963asSukarnobecamedisillusionedwtheU.SAnti Americanismincreasedinthemid1960sAnti Americanism SukarnodevelopscloserrelationswUSSRChinaHoChiMinhBySeptember1965USofficialspreparedtopulloutofIndonesiaTheLogisticsofMass 0 500k 1MildeadViolence 0howvictimswerekilledraidssecretexecutionsdiseasetorturemalnourishment100kpoliticalprisonerswereheldw o chargeortrialrape sexualviolenceNBprisonerswereU.SInvolvementin apoliticalinterventionbeforethecoupsupport keptinsecretprisonsthe196566Anti forSuhartofollowingit militaryprisonsCommunistMass proppingupopposition justlike prisoncampsViolence CastelloArmasinGuatemalaSupport fundingtomilitiasandthearmy BIG QUESTIONUShelpedfinanceoppositionprovidedthem vitamins whatwastheroleofenhancingdrugs bullets theU.SinallofthisPolicyofsilencedenialblurringthetruthabouttheViolenceMagsaysay Lansdale o195053 OperativeColEdwardLansdalehelpsDefenseMinisterRamonMangsaysaydefeattheHukbalahapHukcommunistinsurgency1953 LansdalehelpsengineerMagsaysay'sascendencytobecomepresidentofthePhillipInesRamonMagsaysayEdwardLansdaleMagsaysaysupportedUSforcesinthefightagainsttheJapanesehisunithelpedclearlandforAmericanforcestoarriveLansdaleusedovert covertAmericanmoneyandmaterialbothtohelpcrushtheHuksandbringMagsaysaytothepresidencyInMagsaysaytheU.SSawapersonwhowouldadvanceAmericancapitalists diplomaticobjectivesinSEA 1965 MarcosreplacesDiosadoMacapagalaspresident1969ThenGovRonaldReagancallsMarcosafreedomfighteragainstcommunismFerdinandMarcos 1983PhilliptheoppositionleaderBenignoAquinoassassinatedUSOfficialsstartexploringhowtoremoveMarcosfromoffice1986 U.SwithdrawssupportforMarcosamidelectionfraud